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	2021 Vol.38 Issue.6 Published 2021-11-15

	Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison Special Zones and Chinese Road Economic Growth and Financial Innovation Urban and Rural Construction and Social Governance Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry Social Sciences and Chinese Spirit Political Science and Rule of Law

Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison

	5	Looking at “Xingshi Hu” in the Song Dynasty from a New Perspective
		LIAO Yin
		The “Xingshi Hu” (officials and state employees) was a name characteristic of the Song Dynasty. In addition to traditional understanding, “Xingshi” also reveals difference in social status between Zhu (masters) and Ke (attendants): “Ke were subordinate to Zhu”. “Xingshi Hu” was so named because “Xingshi Hu” came into being as a result of the appearance of Zhu Hu (masters) and Ke Hu(attendants) in the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties. Xingshi Hu originally referred to masters with attendants under their names. Master did not necessarily have attendants under their names, and in the third year of the Zhenghe Reign “Zhu Hu (Zhu household)” was changed into a more neutral name—“Shui Hu (tax household)”. Different from the traditional primary standard of power, the primary standard for defining new Xingshi Hu was wealth. The state officials exempted some households from labor duty but required them to pay the recruitment fee (guyiqian 雇役錢) for the hiring of personnel working at official projects. This policy did not take wealth as a standard, and “Xingshi household registration” was thus abolished. There were some discrepancies in statistics with two different standards. The statistics with wealth standard covered the first-class and second-class civilian households other than officials and state employees, while the statistics with power standard covered the “Zhu Hu” below average families of officials and state employees. Low-class “Xingshi Hu” in terms of power were actually not “Xingshi Hu”. Ping Hu, the opposite to “Xingshi Hu”, did not refer to the households in the upper class which did not take labor duty but the ordinary “Zhu Hu” who did not have attendants under their names. “Xingshi Hu” and “Ping Hu” are political and legal terms, and the equivalent “Da Hu” and “Xiao Hu” are regular terms. New insights into “Xingshi Hu”of the Song Dynasty are conducive to further study of the social stratum history and socio-economic history of the Song Dynasty.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 5-14 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 608KB] ( 337 )

	15	The Three Schools of Confucian Thought in Song and Ming Dynasties and Their Characteristics
		ZHOU Lei
		The Confucian thought in Song and Ming dynasties is roughly divided into three schools, Neo-Confucianism, philosophy of mind and qiology. Neo-Confucianism constructed an orthodoxy pedigree from Yao, Shun and Yu to Confucius and Mencius, which was finally continued by Neo Confucianism. This pedigree constitutes the main axis of Confucian orthodoxy in Song and Ming dynasties. Philosophy of mind revised Neo-Confucianism and had following characteristics. In terms of the status of thinkers, it stressed the importance of Yan Hui and philosophers of mind. In terms of the approaches of “pursuing Tao(道)”, it extorted simplicity. As a highly theoretical academic school, qiology attacked both Neo-Confucianism and philosophy of mind. It presented three arguments. Firstly, Confucian thought is an open system that should be inherited from many aspects rather than monopolized by any school. Secondly, Confucian thought serves national governance, and is thus highly practical. Finally, in terms of classics qiology elevated Liu Jing (The Six Classics) over Si Shu (The Four Books). On balance, Neo-Confucianism, philosophy of mind, and qiology are all based on theories and each has its own characteristics, which reflects the diverse development of Confucian thought in Song and Ming dynasties.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 15-23 [Abstract] ( 22 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 586KB] ( 184 )

Special Zones and Chinese Road

	24	The Political Consciousness, Spiritual Character and Logical Path of the Evolution of the Learning View of Chinese Communists over the Past 100 Years
		LIU Zhao-hui
		The view of learning of Chinese Communists is the general and fundamental idea of Chinese Communists on the essence and law of learning. It reflects Marxist conception of practice, history, mass and contradiction in the learning concept and process of Chinese Communists. The past 100 years witnessed creative learning, self-initiated revolution and social revolution of Chinese Communists through learning. In the meantime, Chinese Communists have been refreshing their views of learning in the process of Chinese revolution, construction of new China, and reform. Looking back upon the history of Chinese Communist Party, we find the learning view of Chinese Communists has been changing with time as the main social contradictions have been changing in different historical periods. This reveals that the learning objectives and tasks of the CPC since its founding have been related to particular historical times and social practices. Besides, it also reflects the CPC's learning view has been, on one hand sticking to its original conception, and on the other hand progressing with time. The CPC upholds and develops Marxism, puts theory into practice, courageously stages self-initiated revolution, is dedicated to great national rejuvenation, and seeks answers for the questions of our times, of the people, and of social practice through study. It is a political consciousness and a sense of mission that Chinese Communists have adhered to over the past century, and an important guarantee that has kept the Party full of vigor and vitality through a century of trials and hardships. In one hundred years of development, Chinese Communists have stressed “scientific spirit” and “pragmatic approach”, valued both “people-oriented position” and “fighting spirit”, cultivated morality and virtues and broad vision of the world, devotion to our country and global perspective, followed the tradition of “acquiring a wide range of knowledge and sticking to original aspiration” and “inquiring earnestly and caring about current concerns”, always displayed the CPC's essence, ideals and objectives, and thus developed Marxist learning view with distinctive political stance and spiritual characteristics.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 24-34 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 602KB] ( 256 )

	35	Prioritizing Human Resources in the Development of the New Era: Strategic Importance, Critical Steps and the Road Map
		HAN Sheng
		Making human resources the priority in the development is a major strategy for the Communist Party of China in leading Chinese people to realize great national rejuvenation and handle great changes unseen in a century. It is of great importance to build China into a strong modern socialist country and demonstrate global significance of Chinese-style modernization. The CPC's 100-year history, China's new development stage, and the fierce competition for talents at global level call for immediate overall planning of implementing this strategy. We should define the scientific content and Chinese characteristics of our talent view in the new era on the basis of Marxist humanology, adhere to the mass viewpoint of historical materialism to clarify the importance of people to creativity and innovation, set scientific, reasonable and effective talent evaluation standard on the basis of coordinating facts and experience and value norms. Only in this way can we respect the law of talent development and give a full play to people's creativity and innovation. To make talents play a bigger role in innovation-driven development, we should always insist on the CPC's leadership over personnel management, and innovate talent development. Also, we should have broad vision in talent development, and provide a big platform for everyone to strive for excellence. Furthermore, we should always take human resources as primary resource, and make joint efforts to build China into a stronger country with more outstanding personnel.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 35-41 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 485KB] ( 102 )

Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry

	42	User Participation in Virtual Cultural Space: Based on the Analysis of the Q & A Section of “Game for Peace” on “Zhihu” Platform
		CHEN Bo, XIANG Hui
		With the continuous development of digital technology, virtual cultural space has become a second existence space for the Internet users. They are shifting their consumption from physical cultural space to virtual cultural space, feeling more satisfied with more space. From the perspective of the Internet users, they enter the virtual space due to their internal needs for information, emotion, and communication, and they meet these needs through perceiving the image, knowledge, emotion, and experience in the virtual cultural space. In terms of the specific ways of user participation, researching the Q&A session of Zhihu on “Game for Peace” with fsQCA ( fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis ), we come to a conclusion that the Internet users exist in the virtual cultural space in four ways: emotion sharing, knowledge sharing, virtual participation, and comprehensive participation. The focus of the virtual space changes with different user participation. But in the creation of the virtual space, it is necessary to integrate social mechanism, increase knowledge, and improve the creative scene to better meet users' needs and stimulate users' participation and cultural consumption.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 42-51 [Abstract] ( 26 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 545KB] ( 271 )

	52	Relationship between Cultural Industry and the Third Distribution: Opportunity, Transformation and Major Concerns
		HAN Han
		Since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the importance of “common prosperity” has been put on the agenda again and given new meaning in the new era. In this context, the third distribution has become an important strategy regarding common prosperity in the top-level design of the state in recent years, and cultural industry is closely related to the third distribution. Specifically, the third distribution provides two opportunities for China's cultural industry. On one hand, it pushes for active and effective adjustment in the internal resource distribution structure of the cultural industry. On the other hand, it opens up channels for capital recycling and redistribution between cultural industry and other fields. Besides, the third distribution helps promote the transformation of China's cultural industry, which is mainly reflected in two aspects. One is to support greater involvement of non-public cultural enterprises in major national strategies so as to build a new relationship between cultural industry and the state. The other is to rationally allocate and coordinate the resources of cultural industry and public cultural service. At the same time, we should pay attention to following issues. Firstly, we should beware of cross-domain secondary conflicts brought about by capital risks. Secondly, we should guard against cultural security problems as a consequence of ideological risks. Thirdly, we should improve the ability to hand institutional risks in practice.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 52-58 [Abstract] ( 20 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 495KB] ( 243 )

Economic Growth and Financial Innovation

	59	Virtual Economy, Innovation Inhibition and Search for a New Driving Force for China's Economic Development
		SUN Jun, GAO Yan-yan
		Virtual economy represented by finance and real estate is “a fast variable”, while the improvement of innovation ability in real economy is a “slow variable”. This difference may result in innovation inhibition when economy shifts from real to virtual. Based on the panel data of 283 cities in China from 2003 to 2018, this paper explores the relationship between the impact of virtual economy, innovation, and the driving force for economic development. The findings show that economy shifting from real to virtual does not directly weaken real economy but slows down real economy as it weakens corporate innovation, and that this effect is significant. The mechanism analysis reveals that economy shifting from real to virtual inhibits corporate innovation by squeezing out the innovative labor input in innovation departments and increasing the cost of production factors, such as wages. Therefore, only by prioritizing the problems in the process of shifting from real economy to virtual economy such as resource mismatch and fast rise of the cost of production factors can we actually carry out the innovation-driven strategy. The key is to construct a new mechanism of coordinated development between the “fast variable” of virtual economy and the “slow variable” of innovation, so as to reshape the driving force for economic development.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 59-68 [Abstract] ( 20 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 625KB] ( 107 )

	69	The Impact of Digital Economy on Corporate Credit Risks
		GUO Ji-tao, ZHU Yi-xin
		Preventing corporate credit risk is an important prerequisite for maintaining local financial order and building a modern economic system. As a new form of economy, digital economy provides new idea for preventing and resolving corporate credit risks. Based on China's A-share listed companies at Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2012 to 2018, this paper explores the internal mechanism and impact of digital economy on corporate credit risks. The findings show that the development of digital economy significantly reduces corporate credit risks. The study of the ways of impact reveals that digital economy reduces corporate credit risk from two aspects. On the one hand, it enhances the repayment ability of enterprises by total factor productivity. On the other hand, it makes executives more willing to repay loans by reducing asymmetric information. Regional credit environment plays a regulatory role when digital economy impacts corporate credit risks. The further relevant research indicates that the development of digital economy has more significant effect on reducing corporate credit risks in industries with surplus production capacity, and that it can contribute to supply-side structural reform by reducing short-term pain. However, the lower level of digital governance of local governments prevent digital economy from giving full play to its ability in reducing corporate credit risks.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 69-80 [Abstract] ( 18 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 730KB] ( 444 )

Political Science and Rule of Law

	81	Balance of Interests in International Law on Naval Blockade: Tradition, Contemporary Practice and Challenges
		ZHU Li-jiang
		Naval blockade is a tactic used by navies in armed conflicts. It can assist in landing operations, surround the enemy, cut off supplies, and even subdue the enemy without fighting. The international law on naval blockade is quite vague due to insufficient treaties available. Analyzing the international law on naval blockade with the interest balance theory helps remove confusion in this regard. Traditional international law on naval blockade focuses only on the balance of interests between the blockader and neutral states, while contemporary international law goes further to take into consideration the balance of interests between the blockader and the civilian population of the blockaded area. Therefore, the blockader needs to respect not only the interests of neutral states, but also the humanitarian interests of civilians in the blockaded areas. This requires the blockader to take into account a wider range of factors when it comes to interest balance, which undoubtedly increases obligations of the blockaders. Currently, the international law of naval blockade is faced with many challenges, such as the rapid development of new weapons, frequent non-international armed conflicts, increasingly complex international law of the sea, and the increasing requirements for the protection of natural environment. All these challenges call for a new balance. The international panel should formulate and supplement relevant specifications when updating San Remo Manual, acknowledge the value of the international law on naval blockade, clarify the application of the international law on naval blockade to non-international armed conflicts and the obligations of the blockader in terms of the international law of the sea, and increase the obligations of the blockader to respect and protect natural marine environment.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 81-90 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 534KB] ( 351 )

	91	The Application of Behavioral Economics in Promotion of Legal Compliance and Its Impact
		YING Fei-hu, LI Xuan
		Legal popularization and education of the general public is a long-term basic work for ruling the country by law. The researches available on legal popularization and legal education are generally from moral and legal perspectives, taking into account the costs and benefits of compliance with the law. Relevant systems are mostly based on the same idea, and the economic man hypothesis is particularly in wide use. Legal education on the basis of economic man hypothesis is reasonable and necessary, but it has obvious limitations as it fails to give sufficient consideration to human psychology. For more than half a century, the discovery of such cognitive biases as herd psychology, loss aversion, framing effect as well as researches on their evolution causes and neural basis reveal how human cognition and decision-making proceeds. This makes it possible for us to find a feasible way to popularize law and cultivate law-abiding citizens. In comparison with traditional legal education, the institutional design in legal education based on the research of behavioral economics produces good results. To make legal education better-targeted and more effective and to better raise people's legal awareness, it is necessary to start from human cognition and decision-making process, innovate the content and method of legal education on the basis of human psychology, and promote legal education through institutional design to make people subconsciously abide by the law.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 91-100 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 219 )

Urban and Rural Construction and Social Governance

	101	Motherhood Anxiety and Fathers' Involvement in Parenting: A Qualitative Study of Middle-Class Families in Shenzhen
		TANG Yong
		With the increasingly fierce education competition, mothers in urban areas take more responsibilities than traditional roles in the family, and motherhood has become a strong source of anxiety for them. Mothers, assuming the role of education designers, integrate educational resources inside and outside school to help their children gain an edge in fierce education competition. At the same time, fathers are expected to be more involved in parenting. In-depth interviews with 10 pairs of parents from middle-class families in Shenzhen show that motherhood anxiety encompasses selection anxiety, education anxiety and stratification anxiety. An overly rigid talent selection system and insufficient quality education resources leave children with slim chance of success, which triggers selection anxiety. The double reduction policy fails to be well implemented and shadow education lurks everywhere, which triggers education anxiety. The education stratification has enduring impact on children's future career and social status, which triggers stratification anxiety. Fathers' involvement in parenting is, to some extent, a balance mechanism for motherhood anxiety, but currently it is far from common for fathers to get involved in upbringing their children. The introduction of the “double reduction” policy in 2021 is a turning point regarding burden reduction in Chinese education, and it is sure to have impact on the parenting style of Chinese parents. In the context of burden reduction in education, in order to ensure equality of educational opportunity, we need to roll out policies in response to delaying educational stratification and increasing interaction among families, communities and society at large.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 101-113 [Abstract] ( 28 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 723KB] ( 745 )

	114	The Internet Use, Communication Perimeter and Generational Difference in General Trust
		HAN Yan-chao
		General trust is an important measure for social progress. Rapid social transformation and frequent social mobility constitute the structural background for the formation and evolution of general trust in China. From the perspective of rational choice theory and based on the 2017 China General Social Survey data (CGSS2017), this paper uses multiple linear regression, interaction effect analysis and second-order interaction analysis to study the influence of communication perimeter on the generational difference in general trust and the regulatory effect of the Internet use in this regard. The results show that there are distinct generational differences in general trust, and the communication perimeter and the Internet use are important factors to generational effect of general trust. To be specific, the general trust of different generations in China has experienced an L-shaped process of rapid decline at first and slow rise later. In the age bracket from the pre-40s generation to the post-80s generation, the general trust level of each generation is on the decline, while the general trust of the post-90s generation is somewhat on the rise in comparison with the post-80s generation. The expansion of communication perimeter among different generations is an important reason for the constant decline of general trust. The larger the communication perimeter, the lower the general trust level, and the decline of general trust level caused by the expansion of communication perimeter is more significant in the post-60s, post-70s and post-80s generations. The wide use of the Internet increases the weakening effect of communication perimeter on general trust. The longer the Internet time, the stronger the weakening effect of communication perimeter on general trust. Chinese people prefer strong relationships. If weak relationships in social networks cannot be transformed into strong relationships, the expansion of communication perimeter will be a burden for the development of general trust.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 114-124 [Abstract] ( 20 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 557KB] ( 269 )

Social Sciences and Chinese Spirit

	125	Juedi Tiantong：Evolution of Ancient Chinese Primitive Religions to State Religion
		LIU Wei
		Juedi Tiantong is more a religious event than a historical event. It is far from enough to explore it only from historical and philosophical perspectives. We should conduct a comprehensive discussion first from religious perspective with myths and relevant documents, so as to get a thorough understanding of “Juedi Tiantong”. God, Emperor, Zhuan Xu (one of the “five emperors”, grandson of the Yellow Emperor), Zhong and Li (descendants from Zhuan Xu) and witches involved in “Juedi Tiantong” are “supernatural forces” with “mysterious” features. “God” and “Emperor” are different. God has higher status than Emperor. Emperor refers to “Zhuan Xu”, and God refers to the supreme god. Zhuan Xu arranged the order of the gods in the sky and commanded all the gods. He was a demigod and worshipped as a god by later generations. Zhong and Li could go up to the sky and go down to the earth. They were worshipped as god of fire. Witches could access the two worlds of Yin and Yang, and communicate with gods of heaven and earth. The innovation of “Juedi Tongtian” is mainly reflected in three aspects: 1. Gods had no king at first. The supreme god began to take shape when all gods shared the dominion of God. 2. Witches were degraded from a dominant role to a subordinate one, and the hierarchy of clergy came into being 3. Ancestry worship began to gain popularity as nature worship was integrated into lineage. This not only marks the logical beginning when witchcraft was professionalized and kingship was sanctified, but also promoted the formation of maturity of ancient national religions focused on god worship and ancestry worship. Moreover, it also enabled the core elements of primitive religions to be inherited and innovated, which became the background of Shamanism and folk beliefs and the internal driving force of their continuous development.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 125-132 [Abstract] ( 37 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 613KB] ( 249 )

	133	The Generative Logic, Expression Practice and Positive Construction of Bullet Screen Culture
		LUO Hong-jie
		Supported by digital technology, bullet screen culture is a cultural landscape of sending texts, emoji and other ideographic symbols through media platforms for certain contents, which allows real-time comments from viewers to fly across the screen like bullets. It is highly interactive, real-time, targeted, and entertaining. Supported by modern information technology and capital logic, the rise and popularity of bullet screen culture not only makes it a cultural phenomenon favored and sought after by young people, but also helps young people to express personal emotions, meet their psychological needs and visual needs. Bullet screen culture is essentially a network subculture. It contains some elements against the mainstream culture, which is prone to make young people fall into the “illusion of absolute freedom” where the mainstream value is absent. But it also plays positive functions. It can become a narrative medium to spread positive energy and voice good opinions. Therefore, we take the socialist core values as the scientific guidance and perfect laws, regulations and institutional mechanisms as important guarantee. At the same time, we should coordinate government departments, network platforms, and “viewers who send bullet screen ” to jointly promote the healthy development and virtuous cycle of bullet screen culture so as to make it a positive network culture popular among young people.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 133-140 [Abstract] ( 17 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 569KB] ( 274 )

	141	Capitalization of Festivals and Festivalization of Capital from the Perspective of Marx's Critique of Capital Logic
		ZUO Lu-ping
		Festivals play an important role in inheriting cultural significance, preserving national cultural memory, and constructing national cultural identity. However, under the control of capital logic, festivals are getting alienation. People value material things over the cultural significance of festivals. All kinds of capital fetishism is pervasive in festival consumption. On the one hand, festivals have become a part of capital circulation, providing time and space for capital increment. During festivals, there appears the capitalization of festival rituals, festival presents, and festival symbols. On the other hand, capital depends on festivals and promotes the circulation of capital and realize capital increment through the production and reproduction of festivals, which is manifested in the capita assignment of traditional festivals, association celebration of foreign festivals with capital, and prevalence of festivals after “capital creates festivals”. Therefore, we should take Marx's critique of capital logic as theoretical guidance. On the one hand, we should raise people's awareness of festivals and push for renewing the functions of festivals. On the other hand, we should expose the ideological illusion of consumerism and eliminate the manipulation of capital fetishism on festivals. At the same time, we should demystify the deductive mechanism of capital logic in festivals and dialectically analyze the historical limit of capital logic.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 141-149 [Abstract] ( 26 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 521KB] ( 267 )

	150	The CPC's Political Logic of Harnessing and Overpowering Capital
		LUO Jian-wen
		Political logic is an inherent law in the political life of a country or a region, and it is the essence that determines the choice of some political life style and political behavior. Making full use of capital's modernity of value increment, regulating the market behavior of capital and preventing disorderly expansion of capital are the basic characteristics and important tasks of the socialist market economy. Therefore, controlling and guiding the modernity of capital to serve the historical mission and original political aspiration of the socialist production, and effectively regulating and overpowering capital is not only the political logic of the Communist Party of China in handling the relationship between capital and labor, but also the essential requirement of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. The accomplishments of the new China over more 70 years can be attributed to this logic. We can not only activate the potential of capital in promoting the effective integration of social production factors and stimulating working people to create material wealth and value increment, but also effectively control the modernity of capital to better serve the value of socialism with Chinese characteristics. To ensure long-term stable development, we should stress the political logic of the functions of the socialist political system with Chinese characteristics and the dominant position and leading role of working people, safeguard the overall and fundamental interests of working people, consolidate the foundation of socialist public ownership economy, and attach more importance to the function of the political logic in harnessing and overpowering capital.
		2021 Vol. 38 (6): 150-159 [Abstract] ( 16 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 557KB] ( 189 )

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