何以称“形势”：宋代形势户溯源辨正

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Abstract The “Xingshi Hu” (officials and state employees) was a name characteristic of the Song Dynasty. In addition to traditional understanding, “Xingshi” also reveals difference in social status between Zhu (masters) and Ke (attendants): “Ke were subordinate to Zhu”. “Xingshi Hu” was so named because “Xingshi Hu” came into being as a result of the appearance of Zhu Hu (masters) and Ke Hu(attendants) in the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties. Xingshi Hu originally referred to masters with attendants under their names. Master did not necessarily have attendants under their names, and in the third year of the Zhenghe Reign “Zhu Hu (Zhu household)” was changed into a more neutral name—“Shui Hu (tax household)”. Different from the traditional primary standard of power, the primary standard for defining new Xingshi Hu was wealth. The state officials exempted some households from labor duty but required them to pay the recruitment fee (guyiqian 雇役錢) for the hiring of personnel working at official projects. This policy did not take wealth as a standard, and “Xingshi household registration” was thus abolished. There were some discrepancies in statistics with two different standards. The statistics with wealth standard covered the first-class and second-class civilian households other than officials and state employees, while the statistics with power standard covered the “Zhu Hu” below average families of officials and state employees. Low-class “Xingshi Hu” in terms of power were actually not “Xingshi Hu”. Ping Hu, the opposite to “Xingshi Hu”, did not refer to the households in the upper class which did not take labor duty but the ordinary “Zhu Hu” who did not have attendants under their names. “Xingshi Hu” and “Ping Hu” are political and legal terms, and the equivalent “Da Hu” and “Xiao Hu” are regular terms. New insights into “Xingshi Hu”of the Song Dynasty are conducive to further study of the social stratum history and socio-economic history of the Song Dynasty.

Key words： the Song Dynasty Xingshi Hu(officials and state employees) Ping household (households other than Xingshi Hu) Zhu Hu Ke Hu power standard wealth standard

Received: 10 July 2021

PACS:	K244
	K245

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Cite this article:

LIAO Yin. Looking at “Xingshi Hu” in the Song Dynasty from a New Perspective[J]. , 2021, 38(6): 5-14.

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https://xb.szu.edu.cn/EN/ OR https://xb.szu.edu.cn/EN/Y2021/V38/I6/5

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