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	2021 Vol.38 Issue.1 Published 2021-01-15

	Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison Special Zones and Chinese Road Economic Growth and Financial Innovation Urban and Rural Construction and Social Governance Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry Social Sciences and Chinese Spirit Political Science and Rule of Law

Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison

	5	Market Orientation and Administration Rationality: The Principle and Mechanism of Salt Policy in Qing Dynasty
		HUANG Guo-xin
		Academics generally refer to the salt trade system of Qing Dynasty as monopoly, showing that it was planned and disconnected from the market. However, the analysis of the official population and the statistics of salt licenses of the Qing Dynasty reveals that the salt policy of the Qing Dynasty has following characteristics: the issue of salt licenses was in line with the market capacity at the macro level; the Qing Dynasty was obviously market-orientated in the major issues such as salt policy, salt licenses and the division of salt areas in new territories. However, the regional salt administration system resulted in disputes and conflicts over salt in border areas, which obviously deviated from the market-oriented policy. This is closely related to the administrative rationality and institutional path dependence the officials developed in addressing issues such as the performance assessment in salt administration, the protection of salt taxation in Huainan and Huaibei, the maintenance of their own interests in salt administration, and the traditional salt administration of a thousand years. A certain degree of market orientation, administrative rationality under specific circumstances, and the long-standing institutional path dependence constitute the operation mechanism of salt administration in Qing Dynasty. Under this mechanism, the salt administration of Qing Dynasty showed that some areas violated the market logic while the overall administration was market-orientated to some extent. This contradictory phenomenon was reflected in dramatic conflicts and disputes in some areas, which leads to the misunderstanding that the salt administration of Qing Dynasty was completely disconnected from the market.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 5-12 [Abstract] ( 24 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 629KB] ( 610 )

	17	Reform Predicament and System Transformation in Containing Salt Trafficking near Salt Fields in Ming and Qing Dynasties
		LV Xiao-qin
		In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the salt traffickers near salt fields were mostly poor people. Most of them smuggled salt for a living, selling salt nearby or trafficking salt to other places to take advantage of price difference. Although it was against the law, salt trafficking was justifiably an important livelihood for the poor people near salt fields. Therefore, it was a challenge for the rulers of the Ming and Qing Dynasties to eliminate salt trafficking in the regions near salt fields and help the poor people there at the same time. The rulers of the Ming and Qing Dynasties tried to address this issue involving salt industry management and social assistance through institutional reform, such as relaxing ordinances against salt trafficking near salt fields in Ming Dynasty and the licensing system to the poor (authorizing the poor to carry certain amount of salt on daily basis) in the Qing Dynasty, but these policies did not achieve expected effects. The licensing system was abolished as a result, and only the relaxation of ordinances against salt trafficking near salt fields continued. The reason is that containing salt trafficking requires only punishment while social assistance requires management. Addressing the issue of social assistance through legalizing salt trafficking is equivalent to turning low-cost punishment issue into a high-cost management issue, which obviously touched the “ceiling” of the governance capacity of the ruling class of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and even the government during the Period of the Republic of China did not break this bottleneck. Therefore, the governance reform of salt trafficking near salt fields was bound to go nowhere.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 17-24 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 595KB] ( 462 )

Special Zones and Chinese Road

	25	Value Logic, Action Framework and Path Choice of Poverty Alleviation via Education in the Post-Poverty Alleviation Era
		YUAN Li-ping
		Education is essential to breaking the intergenerational poverty cycle, and educational poverty is a pressing issue in the post-poverty alleviation era. The value logic of poverty alleviation via education in the post-poverty alleviation era is mainly shown in the pursuit of core values of social equality and justice, the demonstration of the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, the modernization of educational governance system and governance capacity, the promotion of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. To build the framework of poverty alleviation via education in the post-poverty alleviation era, we need to work on its goal, conception, perspective, approach, and mechanism. In terms of action, we should always put people first, encourage poverty-stricken people to rise above poverty and empower them with education to become better off, formulate local policies to local problems, and target efforts directly to poverty-stricken people to make them give a full play to their talents. In terms of path choice, we should keep increasing investment in education for sustainable development, speed up efforts in cultural governance, construct a long-term mechanism for poverty alleviation via education, realize targeted poverty governance, make converted efforts, and keep contributing wisdom and experience to the global poverty alleviation.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 25-33 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 539KB] ( 365 )

	34	Professional Transformation of “First-Class” University Presidents: Their Concerns, Reasons and Patterns
		TONG Feng, SHENG Chuang-xin
		Modern universities are known as the “power station” for the development of human society, and university presidents are the engines for the development of universities. There is a limit to the tenure of university presidents but no limit to the development of higher education. The president of a university has a dual identity as a scholar in theory and a profession in practice. Generally speaking, the publication of university presidents during their tenures gives us a glimpse of their management ideas and professional transformation. We make statistical analysis of the number of the papers of the “first-class” university presidents on higher education in CNKI, journals where those papers were published, download times, citation rate and high-frequency words during their tenures. The findings show that they shift from their previous research interests to higher education. Focusing on the high-frequency terms such as double first-class(DFC) program, moral-based practice in education, teaching reform, innovation-oriented country, and construction of undergraduate programs, the presidents of first-class universities usually choose “running the school by experts” mode based on personal charisma. The government, society, universities, and the presidents have jointly promoted the professional transformation of the “first-class” university presidents, from which came their “professional ethics”. This provides an important reference for promoting “double first class” programs and exploring modern university management system.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 34-45 [Abstract] ( 26 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1065KB] ( 371 )

Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry

	46	System Improvement: A Must-Do for the Cultural Industry in the New Development Stage
		FAN Yu-gang
		Due to the complexity of cultural industry, two laws should be followed in its healthy and rational development. With its strong competition in the market, effective supply as a result of high-quality development, and spiritual contribution to people's life, cultural industry must follow the general law of production, integrate into the great cycle of national economy, give full play to the effective market, and continuously improve its system in the effective operation of the market to demonstrate its representation as advanced social productivity. In the meantime, as cultural industry always puts content first and pursues spiritual freedom, it is required to promote the free nature of human being and spread the mainstream values in the process of cultural creation. This “non-productive” feature that plays a leading role in the development of cultural industry requires the involvement of the government, respect for diverse cultures and art forms, multi-level consumption of popular culture, improvement of the cultural industry system in creating a multicultural development pattern and stimulating creativity. Only in this way can cultural industry assume its mission in the new stage of development. Improving the cultural industry system not only helps promote the growth of the economic value of the cultural industry, but also enhances the cultural values of a nation such as its artistic imagination, cultural creativity, and aesthetic taste. This is not only a necessary choice in the construction of a new development pattern of cultural industry, but also a requirement for the cultural industry in its new development stage.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 46-53 [Abstract] ( 26 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 526KB] ( 447 )

	54	2020 Academic Report of Researches on China's Cultural Industry
		ZHOU Jian-xin, HU Peng-lin
		The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has tremendous impact on cultural industry. The researches on China's cultural industry generally focused on the plight, breakthrough and high-quality development of cultural industry under the pandemic. In terms of topics, there were many researches on the development of cultural industry, the deep integration of culture and technology, the integrated development of culture and tourism, digital economy and cultural industry, live streaming, e-sports and short videos under the pandemic, which reflects the wide attention of the academia to hot social issues, industrial difficulties, cultural technology and new forms of business. In terms of the basic theory of cultural industry, industrial formats, corporate parks, industrial policies, and regional cultural industries, researches paid more attention to the topics such as conceptual elements, subdivisions, industrial chains, industrial legislation, and regional coordinated development. According to the 2020 annual report of cultural industry, the number of researches was on the decline, but they have been gradually standardized and become an annual must-read for academics, as well as reference for the government in decision-making and guide for corporate development. In terms of academic conferences and journals, conferences were held both online and offline, showing a tendency of going online, focusing on hot issues, and being innovative. Academic journals also preferred high-quality papers on cultural industry, which attracted wide attention through new media from political, industrial, academic and research circles. 2020 was a turning point for China's cultural industry. In the future, it is necessary to continue to guide traditional cultural industry to accelerate its digitization process, promote integrated development of cultural industry and related industries, put more efforts in the research on emerging digital cultural industry formats, increase doctoral programs on cultural industry, and always put social benefits first in the development of cultural industry.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 54-66 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 630KB] ( 1118 )

Economic Growth and Financial Innovation

	67	Order of Global Industrial Division: Characteristics, Challenges and Reconstruction
		HUANG He, ZHOU Xiao
		The contemporary order of global industrial division was established after the Second World War. With the Bretton Woods system as its core, the United States established an order of global industrial division under its leadership. This order is characterized by the fact that it is based on overall national strength, focused on financial power, supported by technological strength, represented by international companies, and guaranteed by the cooperation among developed countries. It is difficult for developing countries to achieve real development under the current order of global industrial division. This is mostly ascribed to the unfair order of industrial division, which is favorable to developed countries. The industrial division structure is not scientific and more dependent on developed countries. The industrial division is not independent enough but more dependent on export markets. The industrial division is backward in technology, and it favors low-end industries. To achieve economic development,developing countries need to build a new order of global industrial division based on diversified industrial division. Diversified industrial division is a more democratic, reliable, safe and smart industrial division order created jointly by relevant developing countries in accordance with their economic conditions with other developing countries or some developed countries. China should play a leading role in the construction of the diversified division order, utilizing the four structural powers of safety, production, finance and knowledge, combining diversified industrial division with the construction of “a community with a shared future for mankind”, so as to promote the rapid development of a diversified industrial division order.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 67-78 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 578KB] ( 390 )

	79	Vertical Collaborative Innovation in the Supply Chain：Evidence from Commercial Credit Financing
		SUN Hui, ZHANG Ren-shou
		With more complex competition and increasing shortage of available resources, it is a new trend to build vertical collaborative innovation alliances between upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain. More extensive coordination and effective integration of resources and capabilities is of great significance for the improvement of the competitiveness of enterprises and the whole supply chain. From the perspective of coordinated innovation of supply chains and on the basis of the data of commercial credit of China's non-financial listed companies from 2013 to 2018, this paper empirically discusses the impact of the technological innovation performance of downstream enterprises on the commercial credit of upstream suppliers. The findings show that in the coordinated innovation of supply chains, the technological innovation performance of enterprises helps them access commercial credit from suppliers. The technological innovation performance of enterprises conveys their corporate values and determines their position in the market, and the agglomeration of suppliers exerts more influence through the competition mechanism to promote downstream enterprises to get commercial credit. Specifically, the commercial credit provided by suppliers is much positively correlated with the innovation efficiency of the downstream innovation-oriented enterprises of the industrial chain. The participation of suppliers in enterprise innovation through commercial credit varies across regions with different supplier concentration. Enterprises with high innovation efficiency can obtain commercial credit more conveniently in regions where suppliers are concentrated.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 79-88 [Abstract] ( 18 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 531KB] ( 492 )

Political Science and Rule of Law

	89	Evolution of the Capitalist Camp after the Cold War: Process, Characteristics and Influence
		NIU Wei-gan
		Over the past 30 years, the capitalist camp has not collapsed with the end of the Cold War, but has continued to evolve. In the first stage of its evolution (the period of drifting, cohesion, and optimization), the capitalist camp went through the period of uncertainty when it was not sure about whether it was necessary to retain the camp to the period of consolidation and rapid expansion of the camp at the same time. Its function shifted from defensive to aggressive. In the second stage (the period of weakness and adjustment), the camp went weak on external expansion while internal division and power struggle intensified, and it was torn between dispersion and cohesion. In the third stage (the period of dramatic internal strife), the conflicts between member states and the dominant countries in the capitalist camp became increasingly prominent. It showed a clear sign of dissolution, but countries within the camp, on the whole, were in an ambiguous relationship. The primary reasons for the evolution of the capitalist camp are that the United States defends its global hegemony and benefits from it, that the Cold War mentality based on the recognition of Western liberal and democratic values is at work, and that member states benefit from the camp. In the long run, the evolution of the capitalist camp hinders the benign transformation of world structure and threatens world peace and development. Hostility toward China is the norm in the capitalist camp. Its member states cooperate with China due to the conflicts in the camp, which is an expedient choice driven by national interests. Its dissolution and periodical predicament are beneficial to the multi-polarization of the world structure and the peaceful development of China.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 89-102 [Abstract] ( 27 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 717KB] ( 550 )

	103	From Capital Logic to People Logic: Theme and Direction of Biopolitics Localization
		LI Ai-long
		In the new century, especially since socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a new era, there has been a boom in the study of biopolitics in Chinese academia. As far as the physical content of Chinese society is concerned, this research boom is characterized by the localization of biopolitics. First, in terms of ideological themes, the localization of biopolitics shifts its foothold from “civil society” to “human society or socialized mankind”,taking “ the people's ever-growing needs for a better life” as the central issue, putting the expression of people's interests and political demands at the top of the list, and striving to promote the realistic construction of “Life of Kind”. Second, in terms of theory, the localization of biopolitics is rooted in the modernization of China's national governance system and governance capabilities. It changes the epistemological attitude toward national governance and actively constructs a national governance concept for human liberation. Third, in terms of ideological mission, the localization of biopolitics is committed to revealing and overcoming the civilization crisis of capitalism, transforming radical criticism of capital civilization into positive exploration of new forms of human civilization, and providing theories for the construction of new forms of human civilization.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 103-110 [Abstract] ( 20 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 496KB] ( 454 )

Urban and Rural Construction and Social Governance

	111	Grassroots Consultative Governance Mechanism, Network Construction and Development Path in the New Era
		WEN Feng-an
		Consultative governance is an important part of the construction of consultative democracy at grassroots level in the new era. It can improve the relationship between the CPC party and the general public, and the cadres and the public, enhance grassroots consultation, and realize democratic governance in grassroots consultation. The construction of the grassroots consultative governance system in the new era includes the implementation of a multi-level governance system, the promotion of multi-center collaborative governance and the establishment of a “holistic” governance mechanism. In terms of the network construction of consultative governance, it is necessary to understand the basis, changes in methods and external communication in the construction of the grassroots consultative governance system. In the new era, the grassroots consultative governance requires us to continuously enrich the decentralized grassroots governance modes, so that the centralized power of the grassroots government can be transferred to autonomous organizations at grassroots level, outsourcing markets and society. It is necessary to improve the governance of grassroots governments and enhance the credibility of their consultative governance. It is necessary to construct and improve the system of participation in grassroots affairs to get people and community more engaged in governance. It is necessary to establish a consultative governance accountability system to break through the traditional accountability systems of finance, politics, and performance. It is necessary to make grassroots governance more rational, transparent, democratic and law-oriented.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 111-118 [Abstract] ( 12 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 490KB] ( 405 )

	119	Internet-based Medical Treatment: Online Doctor-Patient Communication, Effect and Influence
		CAO Bo-lin
		Internet-based medical treatment is a medical practice actively encouraged by the state, of which online doctor-patient communication is an important part. During the COVID-19 pandemic, online doctor-patient communication has received wide attention and become an important medical option for the public. Based on in-depth interviews with online doctors and patients, according to the key roles of doctors and patients and the participation degree of patients, online doctor-patient communication can be categorized into four types: paternalistic style, consumption style, consultation style, and negotiation style. The paternalistic communication is very much like the traditional offline doctor-patient relationship, which is doctor-dominated, disease-centered, and problem-solving-oriented, and involves low participation of patients. The consumption style is also disease-centered, but patients are more actively involved in communication, and thus more important in the doctor-patient power relation. The consultation style is patient-centered, emphasizing medical humanism, doctor-patient communication and doctor-patient relationship. The negotiation style is an ideal equal doctor-patient communication. It is patient-centered and involves high patient participation. Online doctor-patient communication improves the effect of consultation and diagnosis. The effects of online consultation resulting from different doctor-patient communication modes are different. The major differences lie in patient satisfaction, curative effect, improvement of the patient's health and healthy behaviors, while the patient's expectations, the doctor's changes, technology empowerment and Internet environment are the specific mechanisms that result in the difference in the effects of consultation.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 119-130 [Abstract] ( 26 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 626KB] ( 999 )

Social Sciences and Chinese Spirit

	131	Irreversible Transformation of the Post-World Risk Society
		TANG Dai-xing
		The “unlimited expansion” and “organized irresponsibility” of modern industrial society are bound to push us from world risk society into the post-world risk society. COVID-19 has been rapidly sweeping the world, pushing humans into the post-world risk society. Political mobilization to resist risks will rise above geographical borders because post-world risks come not only from human society, politics, and technology, but also from the environment, nature, species, and the limitation and history of human beings. Therefore, time and space are co-existent: time creates space, and space opens for time, which results in uncontrollable self-action and “government failure”. To get out of the post-world risk society characterized by post-environmental risks, post-technical risks, post-epidemic risks, and post-political-economic risks, it is necessary to review the utilitarian globalization, the pacemaker of modernization, so as to relieve the anxiety of the post-world risk society, guide the ecology in the post-risk era to rationally confront the omnipresent uncertainty, move towards a new world union, and rebuild a symbiotic civilization. Basically, we need to make efforts to reconstruct our cognition of existence about the “universal existence of man”, “the legislation of nature for man”, and “limited existence”. Guided by the symbiotic existence of "nature, society and human beings" and driven by sympathy and understanding, we will explore the action principle for symbiosis and co-governance, and rebuild the framework and action mode for symbiosis and co-governance.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 131-143 [Abstract] ( 38 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 664KB] ( 306 )

	144	Logic, Ethics and Regulation of Intelligent Recommendation Algorithme Technology
		KUANG Wen-bo
		New technologies bring new privileges to their users. They often break old patterns and challenge previous orders, bringing about a series of new problems. In the era of artificial intelligence, “algorithm is power”, which means that after being “empowered” by users and technology, recommendation algorithm technology has the special power to filter, define, deliver information and record, and store personal data, and thus in a sense replaces traditional media in value judgment and supervision. After getting these powers, algorithm is not always well-intentioned or does not always produce good results. In terms of audience, issues such as information cocoon rooms, data abuse, algorithmic black boxes, and transfer of supervision power pose threats of different degrees to users' privacy, autonomy, right to know, right of equality, and right to be forgotten. At the industry level, the way of news production and transmission has changed, and the monopoly status of professional news organizations has been impacted. At the social level, the publicity of the media and its supervisory role as a social public instrument have been weakened. Confronted with the ethical dilemma caused by recommendation algorithm technology in the field of journalism and communication, we should be people-centered, pay attention to human value, elevate the role of human being in data collection, data calculation, and algorithm modelling, and find a balance between efficiency-oriented “algorithms” and fairness-oriented “news”, and on this basis make ethical principles and application regulations for algorithmic recommendation of news.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 144-151 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 838 )

	152	From Anti-epidemic Stories, Emotional Themes to Scene Reenactments: European Experience and Models in the Construction of Plague Heritage Sites
		XIAO Bo, CHEN Ni
		There are three famous heritage sites in Europe that used to be victims of severe plagues: Mary King's Close in Scotland, Eyam Village in England, and Oberammergau in Germany. The three places witnessed disasters inflicted on mankind by the plagues in the 17th century. They respectively demonstrated the anti-epidemic conceptions and methods of blockade and isolation, collective discipline and firm confidence, leaving behind valuable experience and profound memories of containing epidemics. Over the past three centuries, their cultural memories have been exalted, screened and constructed time and again respectively into the themes of “fear of disasters”, “homage to humanity ”, and “optimism and gratitude”. These spirits and the places where they were formed have become historical places of memory. The three places then take advantage of their heritages to develop local tourism, staging activities such as horror experience, on-site pilgrimage, entertainment of gods and revelry. Such activities bring alive the heritages, make living inheritance a reality, and activate and relive the cultural memories. Such vivid creative cases of preserving, selecting and activating cultural memories of anti-epidemic experience according to local conditions can be generalized into the “European experience” of constructing and inheriting plague heritage sites. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 will surely form new cultural memories. These memories, inevitably, will also be preserved, selected and relived in the future. Standing on the shoulders of our predecessors, we will be able to respond to common disasters with composure and make sustainable progress.
		2021 Vol. 38 (1): 152-160 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 598KB] ( 521 )

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