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	2016 Vol.33 Issue.3 Published 2016-05-15

	Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison Philosophical Studies Political Science Economics Studies Legal Studies Literary Studies Management Studies Educational Studies Special Economic Zones and Chinese Road Innovative Economy and Cultural Industry Studies of History

Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison

	1


		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 1-1 [Abstract] ( 60 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 244KB] ( 511 )

	6	Order and Reconstruction: Ci Writing of Well-connected Young Ladies in the Late Ming Dynasty from the Perspective of Gender Culture
		XUE Qing-tao
		In the late Ming Dynasty, although man-woman relationship showed some improvement, men were still dominant. In the context that women’s aspiration for writing conflicted with traditional roles of women, women poets of the day extolled women’s virtue in their writing to display their talent. Firstly, they held the idea “brushes (writing) and needles （housework）were equally important”, standing for their right to write by compromise. In writing, they were cautious not to cross the gender boundary, presenting the emotional life of “the second gender” by writing about nostalgia, lovesickness, and the social intercourse with their lady friends. Thirdly, in style, their writing was anything but gaudy. They favored elegant style advocated in the male world. Last, their writing displayed peculiar features of being elegant, distressing, and intelligent, which were missing in previous well-connected ladies’ writing, and finally completed the construction of female ci-poetry distinct from those of men. This construction is more a real history than a strategy.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 6-7 [Abstract] ( 55 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 735KB] ( 744 )

	13	A Probe into American Indians’ Gender-crossing and Multiculture
		CHEN Wen-yi
		With a splendid and brilliant ancient culture, native Americans boast a unique and multiple gender culture that features gender variance and alternative sexuality. Distinct from the binary opposition of gender in Western culture, the gender culture of American Indians emphasizes spiritual connotation and cultural significance implied and embedded in its gender diversity and advocates the fluidity of gender identity. Native Americans can cross into women-men or men-women after gender-role changes according to their own expectation, values, and need of the tribes. Thought to possess spiritual power, these gender crossers play a special role in the tribal society, enjoying high esteem and status. This culture-specific gender crossing undoubtedly smashes Western “either the one or the other” way of thinking in regard to the two sexes, and constructs a multi-layered gender perspective. Though being questioned and obliterated as alien by White colonists, the gender culture of American Indians is pristine, brilliant, and self-contained. It is an integral part of human culture, and makes it more diverse and heterogenic.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 13-19 [Abstract] ( 85 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 514KB] ( 1381 )

Special Economic Zones and Chinese Road

	20	Connection between Shenzhen Region and the Marine Silk Road in History
		WANG Yuan-lin, XIONG Xue-ru
		In history, Shenzhen region was an important node along the Marine Silk Road. It was closely connected with the countries along the road in economy, culture, military affairs, transportation, and personnel exchanges. The connection was mainly manifested as follows: located in the intersection between great rivers and the sea, Shenzhen region was vital to the Marine Silk Road; with trade system constantly adjusted, Shenzhen region played a leading and pioneering role in Chinese foreign-trade system; Shenzhen region featured in marine economy with frequent exchanges of Chinese and foreign commodities; being an important garrison town, Shenzhen was essential to marine traffic and security; with close communication with foreign countries and constant cultural exchanges, Shenzhen was first introduced to Buddhism from the sea. Besides, it is an important location for “Ci Sha (辞沙)” culture, and the ancestral homes for many overseas Chinese.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 20-24 [Abstract] ( 75 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 500KB] ( 1007 )

	25	The Evolution and Effect of the Investment Supervision System of SOEs in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
		CHAN Yao-dong
		Since 1990s, the investment supervision system of Shenzhen has gone through three stages, centralized supervision, decentralization of some investment authorization, and clear rights and responsibilities of SOEs investment decision. It is characterized with delegation of decision-making authorization, market-oriented decision-making, and determination of the boundaries between rights and responsibilities in investment supervision. The sample data reveal “centralized supervision” is not favorable for SOEs investment; with some authorization delegated, investment has dramatically increased in terms of scale and benefits. With a clear boundary between the rights and responsibilities of SOEs investment decision-making, investment scale and investment benefits have increased even further. Thus it is shown that the transaction cost reduction resulting from the changes of the investment supervision system is the basis for SOEs to increase investment benefits. The adjustment and improvement of the investment supervision system of state-owned economies with different functions is the direction for the SOEs investment supervision system in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 25-28 [Abstract] ( 61 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 464KB] ( 426 )

Innovative Economy and Cultural Industry

	29	Progress and Dilemma: the Content and Industrial Development of Chinese Television in Program Format Import Era
		HU Zhi-feng, LIU Jun
		Television program formats represent the trend in the television business of the world. Television program format introduction in China has experienced two stages —— “accumulative period” and “explosive period”, which greatly promoted the progress and maturity of Chinese entertainment programs. However, in this booming era of imported formats, inadequate originality and loss of aboriginality is a dilemma for Chinese television and even Chinese society and culture. To address this issue, we need to move from overseas import to original output, which is crucial for the sustainable development of Chinese television.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 29-34 [Abstract] ( 61 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 493KB] ( 474 )

	35	Influence of TV Industry Structures upon TV Culture: a Comparative Study of the U.S. and China
		CHANG Jiang
		In light of the theoretical framework of media politics and industry structure, this paper conducts an in-depth discussion of the social causes of the form and content of television culture under given social context. To be specific, based on case analysis and comparative study of the production patterns, circulation patterns, profit-making services, regulations and strategies, and their impact upon the TV culture of the U.S. and China, this paper provides a deep structural interpretation of different forms and changes of TV culture in the two countries, and thus reflects upon the current structure of China’s television industry, and provides suggestion for China’s television culture to move toward more positive routes of value from the perspective of industry innovation.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 35-41 [Abstract] ( 57 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 494KB] ( 535 )

	42	Industrial Innovation and Culture Games: on the Production of Chinese “High-Concept” TV Programs
		ZHAN Di
		The production of “high-concept” television programs is just getting started in China. With “big input, big production, big promotion and big market” as its operational model, this industry has become a unique cultural landscape with “ritualized” appreciation characteristics in its competition with new media. “High-concept” television programs have gone through the process of format introduction, adaption, and indigenous innovation, and are moving toward format export. However, on the way of industrial innovation, this production model also faces inevitable mistaken understanding and perplexity in reality. The study also points out that Chinese television industry needs not only to be promoted by “high-concept” format with marvelous narration, but also to be enriched and filled with diversified formats.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 42-46 [Abstract] ( 60 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 512KB] ( 972 )

Philosophical Studies

	47	“It is Best to Know Your Ignorance” : on Dao De Jing
		ZHANG Shang-ren
		The thought in Lao Tzu’s Dao De Jing is an epistemology taking metaphysical world as its object. It is thinking from awareness of “Tao (道)”. The prerequisite for this epistemology is “knowing one’s ignorance (知不知)”, which is the best knowledge. The “knowledge（知）” about “Tao (道)” learned on this premise is unspeakable, therefore he who knows does not talk, which is the highest level of “knowing”. In real life, the highest level of “knowing” is an artistic state.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 47-51 [Abstract] ( 68 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 409KB] ( 428 )

	52	The Paradox and Solution of Descartes’ View on Sense and Body from the Perspective of Husserl
		WANG Ji, SHE Bi-ping
		As an intellectual, Descartes did not neglect the sense which is self-evident in consciousness, but proved from the sense how the body exists, and nearly drew the conclusion that body and mind were integrated. However, he still insisted on intellectualism. Thus not only dualism was implemented in body-mind relation, but mechanical reductionism has a chance to grow as well. On one hand, body was reduced to a physiological organ. On the other, sense and even all the abilities of mind were on the verge of being reduced to neurophysiological mechanism. From the perspective of Husserl’s phenomenology, the occurrence of this paradox was due to the fact that Descartes did not make thorough epoche or find the intentional structure of sense. Husserl’s analysis of sense and body can not only resolve Descartes’ paradox, but also provide some inspiration for the development of modern medicine and neurophysiology.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 52-57 [Abstract] ( 89 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 446KB] ( 672 )

	58	Numeral Diagrams in Divination Chu Bamboo Slips and the Mantic Art on the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips
		WU Xiao-xin
		The mantic art on the Tsinghua bamboo slips and the divination on Chu bamboo slips excavated at Tianxingguan, Boashan,and Geling Village belong to the same system: numeral diagrams. However, it differs from the above three divination Chu bamboo slips in following aspects: the numeral diagrams of the latter are the records of actual divinations, the numeral diagrams of the former are divinatory principles and methods recorded on the slips. There are 114 numeral diagrams on the Tsinghua bamboo slips concerning divination, composed of six digits: “一(one）”, “四（four）”, “五(five)”, “ 六(six)”, “八(eight)” , and “九(nine)”.Theoretically, six digits constitute a 6-digit numeral diagram, and altogether produce 46656 results. But the mantic art on the Tsinghua bamboo slips recorded only 114 of them, which might have been screened and summarized. The numeral diagrams on the Tsinghua bamboo slips appeared in pairs, but they were not in a bengua-zhigua relationship. It took the divinatory method by four numbers (which form a trigram), with the factors like “year(年)”,“month（月）”, and“date（日）”in divination and “man and woman (男女)”, “left and right (左右)” , “zhaomu (昭穆)” “shuru(数入)” taken into account. It is a divinatory method of unique principles.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 58-63 [Abstract] ( 82 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 1155 )

Economics Studies

	64	Evaluation and Effectiveness of the Protection of Rights and Interests of Medium and Small Investors in Chinese Listed Companies
		GAO Ming-hua, CAI Wei-xing, ZHAO Xuan
		It is of great significance to protect the rights and interests of medium and small investors in China. However, there are some problems with current researches on the evaluation in this regard, such as low standard of the evaluation criteria, inadequate evaluation index, subjective determination of index weight, inconsistent data, and separation of the laws and regulation regarding corporate governance from those concerning protection of investors’ rights and interest. In light of the basic theories and international norms about protecting rights and interests of medium and small investors, and the legislation and enforcement in China, the author builds a comprehensive index for the protection of rights and interests of medium and small investor from four aspects: the right to know, right to decide and supervise, profitable rights, and rights protection environment. The empirical results show as follows: Firstly, in the main, the rights and interests of medium and small investors are not well protected in China, with the passing rate being only 0.16%. Secondly, factors like geography, industry, ownership, listed plates have impact on protection of rights and interests of medium and small investors, but the influence is little. Thirdly, the scores on profitable right and the right to decide and supervise are much lower than the scores on the right to know and the right protection environment, and none of them reach the passing grade. Great efforts should be made in the four aspects. Fourthly, the protection index can significantly improve corporate performance, reduce liabilities rate, agency cost, collapse in share prices, and restrain earning management of the management.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 64-73 [Abstract] ( 67 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 577KB] ( 635 )

	74	Risks and Regulation of “CDS” Naked Short Selling
		WANG Qian, WU Cheng-li
		Naked short selling as a financial derivative instrument may increase the liquidity risk, credit risks, systematic risks, and even trigger crisis. Empirical studies show CDS (credit default swaps) naked short selling makes the Greek sovereign-debt crisis have expected and self-imposed characteristics. In Greek crisis, European Union forbid CDS naked short selling. In Chinese stock market crash, stock futures naked short selling was completely prohibited. They are both necessary measures taken in the hope that it is not already too late. To root out the negative feedback effects in crisis, we need to curb speculation and interrupt self-feedback mechanism. China should discard “market fundamentalism”, learn from EU experience to be cautious about the innovation of financial instruments, curb speculation, prohibit naked short selling, and at the same time be wary of riskless arbitrage of quasi-municipal bond .
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 74-79 [Abstract] ( 55 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 544KB] ( 492 )

Political Science

	80	Female Village Officers’ role Confusion and Adjustmentfrom Social Interaction Perspective
		ZHOU Zhong-qiu, TAN Yong-mei
		After humans entering patriarchal society,women have been gradually kept out of the threshold of politics, and drifted further away from "politics". Since 20th century, women's liberation movement has helped tear down barriers to politics for women, providing opportunities for women to enter political arena. However, deeply-rooted historical factors still affect the real world. The superimposition of tradition and reality makes women feel confused about their roles when they participate in politics, particularly the female village officers in the governance at grass-root level in vast rural areas. They get lost in the cultural whirlpool and identity dilemma in the isolated and hierarchical rural society of a high degree of acquaintance and conformity. In this case, role adjustment is the only way to build a team of new female village officers, and promote the autonomy at grass-root level in rural China.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 80-84 [Abstract] ( 63 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 459KB] ( 588 )

	85	Credibility and Modernization of Government Capability
		LIU Pei-wei
		Based on the analysis of liberalism and especially the solution of new authoritarianism, this paper interprets the government capability paradox from the perspective of state modernization, drawing the following conclusions：to find a solution to government capacity paradox, we should go beyond the prescription of “strengthening government power” provided by the new authoritarianism, and focus on the construction of government credibility. Only on the basis of credibility can the government capability be lasting, powerful, and modern.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 85-89 [Abstract] ( 57 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 474 )

Management Studies

	90	The Impact of China-EU Bilateral Political Relations on Chinese OFDI
		WEI Jing-fu, QIAN Chen-xi
		It is of great significance to explore the impact of China-EU bilateral political relations upon Chinese OFDI. This paper first proposes a hypothesis on the basis of relevant theories and empirical researches, and then uses PCSE model to verify it in light of the panel data of OFDI between China and thirty one European countries from 2007 to 2013. The results indicate as follows: first of all, the length of bilateral relations is positively related with China’s investment expansion in Europe; next, the establishment of sister city relationship is positively related with China’s investment expansion in Europe; furthermore, the establishment of bilateral agreements are positively related with China’s investment expansion in Europe; last, the developing countries in Europe attract more FDI inflows from China than the developed countries.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 90-94 [Abstract] ( 68 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 382KB] ( 371 )

	95	Multidimensional Analysis of Internet Film Piracy in China
		YE Jian-hua, QIU Zhi-wei
		The spread of pirated movies not only causes enormous loss to movie industry, but also impedes the healthy development of society from the moral point of view. Based on the theory of planned behavior and the moral theory, this paper establishes a structural equation model to study the phenomenon and tries to validate it in light of China's unique network environment where film piracy is increasingly rampant. The results show that personal factors like the viewers’ perceived benefits, requirement for film quality and their attitude greatly affect people’s behavior of watching pirated movies. In terms of transmission, the communication attributes of Internet also help spread pirated movies. However, the legal system at social level and the corresponding punishment do not curb the spread of pirated movies. The findings suggest the relevant departments should crack down on film piracy in the right direction.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 95-99 [Abstract] ( 50 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 506KB] ( 477 )

	100	Enhancing the Utility of Urban Public Infrastructure System from the Perspective of Coordination between Supply and Demand
		TAO Zhi-mei, SUN Yu
		Coordination between supply and demand of urban public infrastructure is the precondition for cities to realize the utility of urban public infrastructure. This paper builds an evaluation model of coordination between supply and demand of urban public infrastructure system from two aspects: supply level and social demand. In light of time-series data of 2000-2011,confirming weight for each indicator by the mean square error decision-making method, this paper analyzes the coordination situation between supply and demand. The research shows：the supply of urban energy facilities has been greater than social demand since 2005, which affects the coordination between supply and demand of the infrastructure; the supply of environmental facilities cannot meet social demand for a long time, which results in a decline of the coordination degree of the infrastructure. Therefore, to make the supply and demand of public infrastructure more coordinated at this stage, it is imperative to adjust the supply of energy facilities, and especially increase the supply of environmental facilities, striving to make the supply of energy and environmental facilities to be coordinated with social demand.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 100-105 [Abstract] ( 56 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 451KB] ( 401 )

Legal Studies

	106	Coordination between Compilation of Civil Code and Commercial Legislation
		QIAN Yu-lin, GUO Xiao
		Syncretism of civil law and commercial law established in the expert suggestion on general principles of civil law results from the notion of unity which has been popular over the years. But this kind of combination is not a solution to the issue of “merchants’ special needs” both in principles and rule design. What particularly requires commercial law cannot be regulated in civil law in the form of provisos as it is parallel with civil law and they are independent from each other. Considering the fact that civil law and criminal law are overlapped and each has its specific scope of regulation, it would be the best choice to apply civil law in overlapped areas and to single out specific parts to formulate general principles of commercial law.
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		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 106-111 [Abstract] ( 65 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 455KB] ( 504 )

	112	Regulation of Judges’ Humanity
		ZHAO Xiao-suo
		Judges’ humanity is a spiritual mixture of animality and sociality. Contradictory as they are to each other, animality and sociality are unity of opposites. The irrational desire for survival results in violation of obligatory rules and judicial injustice in the performance of their duties, which is judges’ evil nature. Judges’ good nature is embodied by their sociality, which results in judicial justice in the performance of their duties. The basis for the regulation of judges’ humanity is to ensure that they enjoy adequate material and rest. Equipping judges with professional knowledge, reducing temptation, and increasing deterrence of criminal legislation are effective means to encourage judges to exhibit good nature when performing their duties.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 112-117 [Abstract] ( 65 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 425KB] ( 420 )

	118	On the East China Sea Continental Shelf Delimitation Dispute between China and Japan
		LI Hong-tao, CHEN Shao-yi
		The continental shelf of East China Sea includes the overlapped areas claimed by both China and Japan. In respect of continental shelf delimitation between adjacent and opposite States, only does general rule exist in international law. On this issue,Japan asserts equidistance principle while China insists on natural prolongation principle to achieve equity. In international law perspective,natural prolongation forms the cornerstone of continental shelf concept, therefore China’s position should be supported.The dispute between China and Japan should be setlled through peaceful means.
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		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 118-121 [Abstract] ( 74 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 371KB] ( 963 )

Literary Studies

	122	Theory Transmission: from One-way to Two-way
		WANG Ning
		For a long time, China’s literary theory and criticism was overshadowed by Western theories. Through translation, Western theories have a clear path to China’s literary critical discourse. There are changes and aberrance during the transmission, but the transmission and aberrance have long been unidirectional: from West to East. J. Hillis Miller, an American literary critic recently published a collection of speeches in the West and China at the same time. The theories do not travel in a one-way system in this book, to which he adds the dialogues between Western theorists and their Chinese counterparts. This marks a good beginning. In this paper, the author holds that the rapid development of Chinese economy allows Chinese scholars to bring Chinese culture and literary theories to the world. In this regard, Miller’s dialogue with Chinese scholar Zhang Jiang probably signifies the beginning of a two-way transmission of theories. However, we Chinese scholars should take the initiative to communicate and dialogue with the mainstream academics in the West and the world. It is true that translation might well cause aberrance of Chinese theory in the West, but it is worth it if we continue the dialogue between Chinese and Western literary theories.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 122-127 [Abstract] ( 71 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 585 )

	128	The Development of Chinese School of Comparative Literature over the Last Three Decades: Based on “the Three Meanings Contained in Yi”
		LU Jie
		“The three meanings contained in yi (易)”illustrate the characteristics of Chinese way of thinking, and have great impact upon Chinese scholars’ researches and theories in comparative literature. Firstly, “易简” means “yi (易) is simple（简易）”, which is reflected in that comparability grows “from one to many” and also return “ from many to one” . Secondly, “变易” means “yi (易) is change (变易)”, which is reflected in the two changes in the comparative literature research: we move from “bringing foreign literature to China” to “bringing Chinese literature to the world”, and shift our focus from overseas sinology to “new Western learning”. “ 变易（change）” is also reflected in the construction of the disciplinary system with a “ripple-style” model instead of copying Western model. Finally, “不易” means “yi(易) is constancy (不易)”, which is reflected in Chinese scholars’ persistence in “ transcendence”. “The three meanings contained in yi” reveals Chinese comparatists’ way of thinking. The notion enables us to have a breakthrough and development after understanding our habit of thinking in a rational way.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 128-133 [Abstract] ( 63 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 510KB] ( 813 )

Studies of History

	134	The Chinese Eastern Railroad and the Changes and Development of the Northeastern Cities in China
		HE Yi-min, HAN Ying
		Early in the 20th century, the imperialist powers like Japan and Russia brought the colonial features into China through unequal treaties and other means, which brought about dramatic changes in urban development and landscape in the region. The Chinese Eastern Railroad China was the result of imperialist powers’ invasion into northeast China. Its construction and operation brought about great changes in the dynamic mechanism of the urban development in northeast China. The railroad had profound impact on the spatial distribution and urban landscape of northeast cities, laying a pattern for the urban development in the region in 20th century.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 134-142 [Abstract] ( 69 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 533KB] ( 907 )

	143	The Interpretation of “史” on the Inscriptions on the Tortoise Shells or Bones
		GUAN Wan-wei
		The sharp blade represented by“丨”in the character “史” on the inscriptions on the tortoise shells or bones is not a weapon but an engraving tool, an recorder of the divination in Ying and Shang period: asking the Heaven by divination, and oracles were engraved on tortoise shells by historians. But “史（historian）” has six functions. To be more specific, those who engraved the oracles on bones or tortoise shells were historians called “尹（yin）”. They were the historians of the highest position, and thus later turned into high-ranking officials. The royal family in Ying and Shang period might have begun to record divination unconsciously, whereas the royal family of the Western Zhou Dynasty attached great importance to “史（recording history）”, which could be the beginning of the ancient?historiography. From Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty, “historians” became increasingly professional and conscious. They transformed from historians of high position to historians of historiography consciousness, which began the tradition of official historiography. During the Eastern Zhou period, the historical books of all the states had direct influence on the establishment and content of later ideology and culture.
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		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 143-147 [Abstract] ( 84 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 476KB] ( 860 )

Educational Studies

	148	Value of Classics：Chinese Traditional Culture Curriculum Review of University General Education Alliance
		ZHANG Ya-qun, FENG Yin
		Taking the “University General Education Alliance” as a study object, the article reviews general education reforms of Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University and Sun Yat-sen University. Comparison and study of the characteristics of Chinese traditional culture curriculum in these four universities shows: they all boast adequate Chinese traditional culture courses in humanities, but differ in course arrangement; most courses use similar topics and teaching methods and have large classes and overload credits demands for undergraduates; traditional culture curriculum has large potential as hidden curriculum. To improve cultural qualities of Chinese university students, firstly, we need to make Chinese traditional culture curriculum the core curriculum in general education and a basic requirement for undergraduates. Secondly, we need to bring the idea of “integration of theory and history” into curriculum arrangement and make sure the core curriculum plays a substantial role. Thirdly, we need to involve reading, lecturing and discussing in teaching, explore and integrate education resources, and improve general curriculum system, so as to help college students foster a sense of national and cultural identity and share a common core value.
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 148-155 [Abstract] ( 55 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 482KB] ( 473 )

	156	Human-centered Tao: Ethnics in College Classrooms
		HU Bi-cheng, Sun Hao-chuan
		Classroom teaching is the fundamental way for talent development in higher education, and also the top priority for scholars to study. Being the teaching subjects, teachers and students undoubtedly can exchange thoughts and create new ideas through face-to-face communication in intensive learning in classrooms, where lies Tao (道,morality). However, the reality is “Tao” is detached far from humans where it should be. Transmitting wisdom, imparting knowledge, and resolving doubts no longer constitute the main content of classroom teaching in universities. Teachers and students are more like executors for the instrumental concept of classroom management than beneficiaries of knowledge transmission and cultural innovation and sharing. Meanwhile, the innovative and entrepreneurial spirit promoted by society is increasingly inadequate and scarce as Tao is missing in college classes. “Human-oriented Tao” requires classroom teaching in universities to do as follows: to increase the interaction between teachers and students and be concerned about individual learners; to attach importance to students’ demand for ‘Tao” and make up for the inadequacy of classroom teaching; to change the teacher-centered knowledge-imparting ideas, and emphasize the spread of learning styles so as to pursue “the development of humans” .
		2016 Vol. 33 (3): 156-160 [Abstract] ( 78 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 488KB] ( 521 )

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