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	2025 Vol.42 Issue.6 Published 2025-11-15

	Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison Special Zones and Chinese Road Economic Growth and Financial Innovation Humanities and Chinese Spirit Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry Politics,Law and Social Governance

Special Zones and Chinese Road

	5	Making Mutual Support Work: How Can Rural Mutual Support for Elderly Care Achieve Sustainability?
		HU Zhi-ping, YUAN Feng-xin
		“Rural sustainable mutual support for elderly care” is defined as a model of elderly care that takes the village as the governance unit, uses social networks such as blood ties, geographical ties, and neighborhood relations as the bond, and is supported by institutional arrangements. It can continuously stimulate the participation willingness of villagers or rural elderly people, and explore and mobilize rural resources themselves to provide elderly care services.However, in practice, rural mutual support for elderly care faces issues such as insufficient incentives for farmers’ participation, high barriers to mutual support participation, and poor operation of mutual support systems. Through a longitudinal investigation of the mutual support for elderly care situation in Village A, an analytical framework of “Party building integration-endogenous motivation-sustainable development” is constructed to deeply explore the operational logic and practical paths for the sustainable development of rural mutual support for elderly care under the integration of Party building. Research findings indicate that the grassroots Party organizations, as the bridge connecting the government and villagers, as well as the system and practice, play a pivotal role in system construction, organizational coordination and resource integration, and are the key nodes in promoting the sustainable development of rural mutual assistance in elderly care. In terms of stimulating the endogenous motivation of rural villagers, the Party organization achieves the standardization of mutual support for elderly care through institutional integration, the adjustment of mutual support for elderly care relationships through organizational integration, and the integration of mutual support for elderly care elements through resource integration, empowering the elderly’s willingness and ability to help each other, and enhancing their sense of responsibility and belonging, thus leading rural mutual support for elderly care towards a self-sustaining and self-developing sustainable path. The construction of a“Party building leadership + rural mutual support” service system is a collective action process centered on enhancing farmers’ participation incentives, lowering the threshold for mutual assistance participation and ensuring the operation of the mutual assistance system.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 5-15 [Abstract] ( 17 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 743KB] ( 16 )

	16	Long-Term Care Accessibility in China: Challenges, Underlying Mechanisms, and Policy Pathways
		MO Bei-rong, DING Huang
		With the accelerating aging process of China’s population, the scale of the disabled elderly group continues to expand, and the issue of accessibility to long-term care services has become increasingly prominent, emerging as a key topic in the modernization of the social governance system. Currently, profound changes in China’s family structure, the compounding of chronic diseases and disability, the coexistence of economic burdens and social security pressures, and the transformation of elderly care concepts have severely constrained the accessibility of long-term care services. To address this, it is imperative for the national level to conduct overall institutional design, break down resource barriers, and establish accessibility standards and implementation safeguards through legislation. Meanwhile, local governments should be allowed adaptive local flexibility to explore new approaches that meet the requirements of suitability, affordability, and acceptability, thereby satisfying the diverse and differentiated demands for accessibility. On this basis, a systematic pathway framework for improving long-term care accessibility is constructed, including: advancing the development of a holistic long-term care governance system guided by institutional coordination and multi-stakeholder co-governance; establishing an intelligent prediction and assessment system for long-term care accessibility needs; promoting regional coordination and resource sharing; developing a family- and community-centered digital care ecosystem and a socialized long-term care system. At its core, this transformation lies in optimizing spatial layouts and fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration to achieve effective decentralization of care resources and a structural reshaping of service delivery models.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 16-24 [Abstract] ( 16 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 548KB] ( 25 )

Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison

	25	The Reception of Wang Yangming’s Philosophy in Meiji Japan from the Perspective of Mutual Learning among Civilizations
		WU Guang-hui
		The reception of Wang Yangming’s thought in Meiji Japan transcends conventional narratives of “Japanese Yangming Studies” or “Modern Yangming Studies”. It emerges as a critical discourse grounded in East-West civilizational cross-fertilization. Through analyses of Meiji intellectuals—Miyake Setsurei, Inoue Tetsujirō, and Nishida Kitarō—who articulated Wang’s thought through scholarly frameworks, this study reveals how Meiji Yangmingism diversified into three distinct lineages: Polemical Nativism: Armoring Japanese Spirit Against Western Hegemony; Reconstructive Genealogy: Remapping Eastern Traditions’ Legitimacy; Ontological Selfhood: Forging Modern Japanese Subjectivity. Herein, Wang’s thought is placed between Eastern and Western thought, between Japanese tradition and modernity, and between foreign ideas and the construction of self-personality, functioned not merely as a witness to Japan’s synthesis of Eastern thought and civilizational dialogue, but as a multivalent catalyst: simultaneously instrument, medium, and critical mirror that exposed the very contradictions within “Meiji Yangmingism” it helped create.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 25-34 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 556KB] ( 37 )

	35	Yigu-Zunjing versus Xingu-Tongjing: A Discussion of CUI Shu and TANG Wen-zhi’s Study of The Analects of Confucius
		ZHANG Hong-yan
		CUI Shu and TANG Wen-zhi had an academic debate across eras due to their different interpretations of the Analects of Confucius. CUI Shu approached the text by using the classics to verify history, employing historical evidence to expose how the Analects had lost its original form since the Han dynasty. He argued, for instance, that “Shi ke ren” and “Shu bu ke ren” refer respectively to the events of “performing the Dì sacrifice for Duke Xiang” and “the Ji family driving out Duke Zhao”, and Confucius’s “Xuezhi” “Yi” etc., which integrates classical studies with historio-graphy. Therefore, his exegetical aim is to recover past events and, within their historical context, elucidate the semantic strata of the Analects; his conclusions are deliberately plain and factual. TANG Wen-zhi, conversely, integrated Han and Song learning, and affirmed the text’s reliability. He construed the same “Shi ke ren” and “Shu bu ke ren” passage as referring to the eight-row dance performed in the Ji family courtyard, and argued that Confucius’s thought that a person becomes a “Xuezhi”, and because of his “Liangzhi”, they are able to “acquire knowledge through hardship” and “Yiguan” as the essence and “Zhongshu” as the application. Therefore, his reading perpetuates Song-Ming Neo-Confucian emphases on profound meaning, foregrounding ethical principles and the metaphysics of mind-and-nature; and his conclusions are expansive and comprehensive. CUI’s hermeneutic epitomizes the traditional “classics-history” paradigm of “doubting antiquity while honoring the classics” and “verifying trustworthiness within the Six Arts,” whereas TANG’s exemplifies the “Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism” of classical learning, premised on “trusting antiquity to master the classics” and on revealing the salvific, nation-saving import of Song-Ming Dao-learning. Their contrasting exegeses typify the divergence between classical studies allied with historiography and classical studies allied with Neo-Confucianism since the Qing dynasty, and the two enduring orientations in classical interpretation continue to offer methodological resources for contemporary research .
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 35-43 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 602KB] ( 26 )

Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry

	44	Comparison of the Cultural Industry Development Models between China and Republic of Korea
		FAN Yu-gang, LIU Yu-xin
		Against the backdrop of increasingly intense competition in the global cultural market, China and Republic of Korea demonstrate significant differences in the strategic positioning, market operation mechanisms, and value orientation of cultural industry development. Republic of Korea has built an export-driven model where the government leads, businesses execute, and the global market guides. Using standardized content like K-pop, television dramas, and webtoons, it spreads cultural products worldwide. This continuously boosts the country’s brand and soft power. China has established a “policy-market-social benefits” trinity model that equally emphasizes both domestic and international dimensions. Domestically, guided by cultural confidence, it aims to meet the people’s diverse spiritual and cultural needs and effectively strengthen their spiritual power. Externally, the implementation of the “Chinese Culture Going Global” strategy has effectively enhanced international communication capabilities and civilizational appeal. The divergence between the two models stems not only from differing policy orientations but also is closely related to factors such as market size, cultural structure, and global strategic roles. Republic of Korea, reliant on overseas markets with a highly centralized industrial chain, faces risks of content homogenization and declining creativity. China, leveraging its massive domestic market and diverse content, still grapples with issues like uneven and inadequate regional development. Unlike the industrialization approach prioritized by Republic of Korea which primarily pursues economic value and entertainment-first, the development of China’s cultural industry not only aims to expand its scale amidst cultural prosperity but also focuses on improving cultural production mechanisms and institutional frameworks to transform cultural resources from spiritual wealth into civilizational capital, thereby continuously enhancing national cultural soft power.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 44-55 [Abstract] ( 37 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 587KB] ( 224 )

	56	The Connotation Characteristics, Driving Factors and Path Selection of the Sojourn Economy
		LI Ze-hua
		The sojourn economy combines the experience of cultural tourism with the life of living,forming a compound economic model covering multiple needs such as health care,culture and leisure. The supply-side and demand-side reform and innovation are the core driving forces for the development of the sojourn economy.The supply-side includes three levels,the two-way empowerment of national policies and local practices,the promotion of industrial transformation and model innovation,and the support of transportation and supporting infrastructure.The demand-side includes the rise of the silver economy and the demand differentiation of emerging youth groups.The development of the sojourn economy is also facing problems such as insufficient policy support and supervision mechanism,insufficient cultural connotation mining and single product type,increasing pressure on infrastructure construction and public services,lagging digital transformation and insufficient technology application,as well as lack of professional sojourn operation talents and insufficient brand building.In the future,the development of the sojourn economy urgently needs to strengthen the top-level design and establish a policy guarantee system;deepen the integration of multiple formats and build a product innovation system;improve infrastructure construction and enhance public service support;optimize the market structure and drive the sojourn economy with supply-side reform;incubating professional talents of sojourn and creating a well-known brand of sojourn. Developing the sojourn economy is a strategic choice to promote high-quality development and provides a new way for urban and rural development,cultural inheritance and improvement of people’s livelihood in the new era.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 56-66 [Abstract] ( 25 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 624KB] ( 22 )

Economic Growth and Financial Innovation

	67	Synergistic Paths and Intrinsic Mechanisms of Digital Transformation and Diversification in Manufacturing Enterprises Affecting Supply Chain Resilience
		WANG Jing
		Against the backdrop of intensifying VUCA characteristics in the global economy, improving supply chain resilience has become a critical task for enterprises. This study, based on configuration theory and using the Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) method, using 2,646 listed manufacturing companies as a sample, explores various paths for companies to enhance supply chain resilience, focusing on the breadth and depth of digital transformation and the diversification of their supply base, products, and customer base. The study identified five configuration paths for achieving high supply chain resilience: a demand-side driven approach focused on core products, a demand-side elasticity compensation approach, a deep technology-enabled approach, a technology coverage-first approach supported by scale, and a breadth-first and scale-driven approach. These paths highlight the two-way enabling mechanism of digitalization and diversification: digitalization reduces diversification management costs and improves efficiency, while diversified networks provide application scenarios and data feedback for digitalization. The configuration analysis also shows that low supply chain resilience often stems from the weakening of diversification advantages due to the lack of conditions for digital transformation. Enterprises should choose appropriate development paths based on their scale and resource endowments. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can prioritize enhancing resilience through customer diversification or deep application of specific technologies, while large enterprises can leverage their scale advantages to achieve broad technological deployment and diversified synergy. Policymakers should implement differentiated policies, providing financial support to SMEs for cross-industry customer pool sharing platforms and the development of deep digital infrastructure, while encouraging large enterprises to lead the overall digital transformation of the supply chain. Through a multi-tiered system of “policy guidance, enterprise collaboration, and ecosystem co-construction”, the risk resistance and dynamic resilience of manufacturing enterprises can be comprehensively enhanced.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 67-77 [Abstract] ( 40 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 623KB] ( 35 )

	78	Patient Capital Empowering Low-Altitude Economy: Theoretical Logic, Practical Dilemma and Implementation Paths
		LIN Chun, WANG Rui
		As a strategic emerging industry, the low-altitude economy serves as a key focal point for developing new quality productive forces and driving economic transformation and upgrading. Traditional capital, constrained by its limitations such as the pursuit of short-term returns and quick profits, struggles to meet the long-term funding needs of the low-altitude economy. There is an urgent need for patient capital to leverage its advantages in risk resilience, long-term commitment, and forward-looking vision to provide robust support for the growth and expansion of the low-altitude economy. The theoretical logic of patient capital empowering the low-altitude economy is reflected in three aspects: stimulating corporate innovation vitality by bridging funding gaps and mitigating the negative effects of technology spillovers; facilitating cross-chain resource integration in the low-altitude economy by optimizing the allocation of factors such as capital, talent, and data; and ensuring the implementation and refinement of policies for the low-altitude economy by leveraging policy guidance. In practice, however, the empowering effect of patient capital on the low-altitude economy is undermined by three challenges: insufficient supply of patient capital, which restricts the innovation efficiency of the low-altitude economy; information asymmetry in patient capital, which constrains the allocation of factors in the low-altitude economy; and uneven regional development of patient capital, which hampers the promotion of policies for the low-altitude economy. Moving forward, efforts should focus on three key directions to optimize the pathways through which patient capital empowers the low-altitude economy, thereby providing solid support for accelerating the construction of China’s modern industrial system: first, smoothing the supply cycle of patient capital to stimulate innovation vitality in the low-altitude economy; second, breaking down information barriers in patient capital to unlock the value of factors in the low-altitude economy; and third, optimizing the spatial distribution of patient capital to address gaps in policies for the low-altitude economy.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 78-88 [Abstract] ( 43 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 603KB] ( 96 )

Politics,Law and Social Governance

	89	On the Inclusive and Prudent Regulation of Platform Personal Credit Scores under the “Cutting Direct Connections” Policy
		YANG Jian-xun
		Platform personal credit scoring is an innovative online credit governance tool in the platform economy, featuring extensive information processing, inclusive coverage, and diverse application scenarios. However, it faces challenges such as credit regulatory arbitrage risks, increased risks to personal privacy and information protection due to the use of alternative data, and risks of algorithmic discrimination. Given these characteristics and challenges, the attributes of platform personal credit scoring should be determined on a case-by-case basis, and inclusive and prudent regulation should be implemented. Firstly, personal credit scoring by platforms should be regulated by classification. The scope of application of the “disconnection” policy should be clearly defined as the scenarios where platforms, as third parties, provide personal credit scoring to financial institutions outside the platform. The number of personal credit information licenses should be moderately increased to coordinate the conflicts of interest caused by the “disconnection” policy. Secondly, it is necessary to prevent the risks associated with the use of alternative data, balancing financial inclusiveness and personal information protection. The term “other relevant information” should be interpreted restrictively to bring alternative data under credit information supervision. Thirdly, compulsory information disclosure regulations should be adopted to enhance the transparency of credit scoring, and reputation mechanisms should be used to encourage platforms to voluntarily improve the transparency of credit scoring. Finally, the personal credit scoring algorithms of platforms should be included in the regulatory sandbox. The risk of algorithmic discrimination should be regulated in advance through algorithm filing, and a credit scoring algorithm regulatory system that balances efficiency and fairness should be established.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 89-98 [Abstract] ( 20 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 547KB] ( 13 )

	99	Analyzing the Competence Logic and Mechanism Optimization of Local Legislation on Low-Altitude Economy
		GUO Tian-wu, HUANG Cong-hao
		The Low-Altitude Economy (LAE) has recently experienced explosive growth, emerging as a strategic industry in China. Amidst this boom, local legislation plays a critical role, filling central legislative voids and serving as an impetus for industrial synergy. However, local initiatives, while generally adopting an industry-promotion model, consistently face structural constraints. These challenges include an inadequate regulatory hierarchy, unclear legislative competence, and deficient regional coordination, which impede the sector’s innovative development. Specifically, the competence logic of local legislation on the low-altitude economy is manifested in the acquisition of legislative legitimacy and initiative by local authorities through the creation of institutional space, optimization of competence structure, and adjustment of hierarchical configuration within the framework of central-local authority. Accordingly, a legal supply system featuring a dual-track mechanism of executive and creative legislation, along with full-process and full-cycle dynamic assessment, should be constructed. This requires enhancing the hierarchical level and quality of local norms while strengthening inter-regional synergy. Such measures are vital for augmenting the efficiency and effectiveness of local legal frameworks, thereby supporting the high-quality development of China’s LAE.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 99-107 [Abstract] ( 36 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 549KB] ( 23 )

	108	From “What Makes a Family” to “She Makes the Family”: The Imaginary Vision and Practice Basis of Family Resilience
		ZHU Ling-yan
		In modern mobile society, whether and how the community imagination represented by the family is practical is a crucial question of our time, and family resilience is closely related to this. Family resilience encompasses not only the ability of a family to select and implement strategies when faced with crises of modernity, but also the ability to integrate these flexible and adaptable strategies into daily life. The imaginary vision of family resilience is exemplified by the shared life practices of family members in a three-generation family. However, in the context of spatial dispersion, this imaginary vision faces unprecedented challenges, leading to a widespread confusion over “what makes a family”. How can its practical foundation be reconstructed, and how can the relationship between the adaptability of family strategies and the inherent freedom of family life be addressed? Research has found that family members of different generations and genders have varying levels of awareness of this. Among them, middle-aged women are the earliest and most profound to develop this awareness, making them key actors in current family life practices. Through “running between two places” and “drifting in old age”, they actively and proactively build channels for shared family life among close family members, constructing a trans-spatial continuum of family life and reconstructing the integrity and freedom of the family. In this process, a high degree of mutual construction is achieved between women’s individual subjectivity and the overall subjectivity of the family, which in turn manifests itself as family resilience. The confusion of “what makes a family” has also been answered in the practice of “she makes the family”.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 108-119 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 649KB] ( 14 )

Humanities and Chinese Spirit

	120	The Historical Evolution, Core Implications, and Practical Path of the Scientific Thesis That “New Quality Productive Forces Are Inherently Green Productive Forces”
		WU Guo-lin, MENG Zhen
		The scientific thesis that “new quality productive forces are inherently green productive forces” is an important innovative achievement of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the field of ecological civilization. It reveals the intrinsic unity between economic development and ecological civilization construction in the process of Chinese modernization. From the perspective of historical evolution, the Party’s initial exploration of the intrinsic correlation between economic development and the green development approach laid the foundation for the formation of this scientific proposition. During his local governance practice, Xi Jinping further deepened the understanding of the coordinated relationship between economic growth and environmental protection, thereby providing valuable practical experience for the theoretical formulation of this proposition. Since the advent of the new era, the systematic elaboration on the relationship between productive forces and green modes of production has promoted the institutional and systemic development of this scientific proposition. From the core essence perspective, “new quality productive forces” and “green productive forces” share inherent consistency in terms of innovation, coordination, and sustainability. Specifically, “greening” and “new-quality” respectively embody the requirements of the law of productive forces development and the pursuit of purposefulness. At a deeper level, the dialectical unity of the “ecologization” of new quality productive forces and the “modernization” of green productive forces highlights the civilizational connotation of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, marking the historic transformation of Chinese-style modernization from industrial civilization to ecological civilization. From the perspective of practical paths, this assertion demands that we should be guided by the concept of green development, be driven by green technological innovation, and be supported by the construction of a system of institutions. Through the coordinated transformation of concepts, technologies and institutions, we should systematically promote the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, thereby achieving modernization featuring harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 120-130 [Abstract] ( 22 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 565KB] ( 20 )

	131	The Generative Logic and Operational Mechanism of the New Form of Human Civilization
		XIA Wen-bin, ZHENG Chang-ping
		The “newness” of the new form of human civilization is not only about being new in a temporal sense, but also about being new in terms of a fundamental transformation in its qualitative state. Only by understanding the emergence of the new form of human civilization through the lens of qualitative transformation in civilizational forms can we truly grasp its intrinsic characteristics and contemporary value. The transformation of the social formation is the decisive element in this qualitative transformation, wherein stage-specific and partial qualitative changes within the overall transformation of the social formation play a crucial role in creating the new civilizational model. The creation of this new model is closely linked to the national formation, where state power propels the “creative transformation and innovative development” of culture, providing essential support for the qualitative transformation of the civilizational form. This new form of civilization relies on paradigm shifts to transcend previous historical forms, including replacing mechanical materialism and idealist mysticism with praxis that unifies humanity, nature, and society, leading to a paradigm shift in the ontology of civilization; replacing the enslavement of humans by things with the objectification of essential human powers, leading to a paradigm shift in the axiology of civilization; replacing one-sided perspectives with a multi-dimensional and systemic approach to examining civilizational forms, leading to a paradigm shift in the epistemology of civilization; and replacing a “one-sided approach” with a “two-pronged approach” that dialectically handles relationships between the universal and the particular, inheritance and critique, and instrumental and value rationality, leading to a paradigm shift in the methodology of civilization. Creating this new form of human civilization requires the strong leadership of the Party and coordinated, sustained efforts from various forces. We must anchor the endeavor in Chinese modernization, using the development of new quality productive forces to drive high-quality economic development and consolidate the material foundation for this new model; address the historical debate on tradition versus modernity and Chinese versus Western culture as a starting point, employing systemic thinking to dialectically handle the relationships between past and present and between Chinese and Western elements to deepen the cultural foundation of the new model of human civilization; and profoundly grasp the contemporary relevance of the historical materialist view of the masses, recognizing the people as both the creators and beneficiaries of the new civilizational model, continuously galvanizing their initiative and enthusiasm in this creative process.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 131-140 [Abstract] ( 24 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 562KB] ( 14 )

	141	The Problem Consciousness and Construction Logic of Marx’s Humanistic View of Life
		ZHANG Yi
		Marx’s humanistic view of life focuses on the core issue of transcending the enslavement of life and achieving its enrichment and freedom, with its formation and development embodying a distinct problem consciousness. It is not a product of abstract speculation but represents a historic transformation of old views of life, critically sublated from ancient naturalist, medieval theocentric, and modern humanist conceptions of life, grounded in social reality and the needs of the era. This theory profoundly reveals the abstraction and fragmentation of human existence under the dominance of capital logic, systematically analyzes alienated labor as the root cause and mechanism of life’s predicaments, and proposes communism as the means to transcend private ownership and restore the totality of life. Thus, taking “real individuals” as its logical starting point, practice as its consistent methodology, and the holistic existence of human life as its value orientation, Marx established a humanistic view of life based on dialectical materialism, historical materialism, and practical materialism, reflecting a scientific paradigm. Marx’s humanistic view of life demonstrates a dialectical character that unifies natural attributes and species characteristics, sociality and historicity, as well as civility and progressiveness. It provides multidimensional perspectives for understanding human life in the context of modernity, enlightening people to accurately comprehend and grasp the essence and laws of human life activities, thereby contributing to the creation of a new form of human advancement and the realization of human free and comprehensive development.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 141-149 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 580KB] ( 11 )

	150	The “Ming Dynasty Program” of Confucian Political Philosophy
		ZHOU Lei
		The “Ming Dynasty Program” of Confucian political philosophy represents the theoretical deepening and practical implementation of Confucian political philosophy during the Ming Dynasty. Since the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the official authorities had continuously shaped Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism, while various schools of “Mind-Learning” emerged one after another. These developments accumulated to a critical point by the mid-Ming period, contributing to the diverse manifestations of Confucian political philosophy. The “Great Rites Controversy” was a concentrated reflection of the “external kingship” dimension of Neo-Confucianism and Mind-Learning. The Ritual-Defending School took Neo-Confucianism as an ideological weapon to resist the will of imperial power, demonstrating that Neo-Confucianism still retained certain vitality and dynamism even under political oppression. In contrast, the Ritual-Contending School used Mind-Learning to break free from the constraints of traditional ethics and rituals, marking the official emergence of Mind-Learning, an innovative branch of Confucianism, in the political arena of the Ming Dynasty. Mind-Learning excelled in highlighting individual subjectivity, yet its contributions to the “external kingship” dimension of Confucianism should not be overestimated. Meanwhile, Qi-Learning, with its emphasis on holism, inevitably exerted some restrictive effects on the individual; however, its efforts in expanding the “external kingship” dimension of Confucianism were quite remarkable. The construction of political philosophy based on the theory of Qi can be categorized into three types. Firstly, taking the “reality” represented by Qi as the criterion, it continuously adjusted the “name” represented by the Principle, aiming to achieve consistency between name and reality. Secondly, it placed “reality” and “name” in a process of mutual adaptation and dynamic adjustment. Thirdly, it separated “reality” and “name” into two distinct domains, abandoning the pursuit of consistency between name and reality in the context of Confucian moral philosophy. Overall, while the “Ming Dynasty Program” of Confucian political philosophy demonstrated profound insights and rich connotations, it inevitably had inherent limitations. This was largely because politics is the product of the combined forces of various factors of the times, which imposed unavoidable restrictions on its development.
		2025 Vol. 42 (6): 150-159 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 635KB] ( 17 )

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