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	2023 Vol.40 Issue.3 Published 2023-05-15

	Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison Special Zones and Chinese Road Economic Growth and Financial Innovation Humanities and Chinese Spirit Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry Politics,Law and Social Governance

Special Zones and Chinese Road

	5	Political and Social Dynamics, Risks, and Prevention of ChatGPT
		ZHANG Xia-heng
		As a human-computer conversation application based on a large scale artificial intelligence model, the wide application of ChatGPT will have a lot of influence on the political society. ChatGPT has strong political and social momentum, and its embedding in multiple social fields and application scenarios will make the political society face both opportunities and risks, resulting in continuous technological evolution and iteration, ushering in more humanized alternatives, and multi-dimensional and deep changes. At the same time, ChatGPT poses political and social risks. In terms of political risks, the data flow during the use of ChatGPT will impact national sovereignty and independence, digital technology hegemony may impact political security, and ideological security may face penetration risks. In terms of social risks, employment structure, social communication, ethics, population safety and other areas may create new risks due to ChatGPT. Faced with the potential political and social risks of ChatGPT, we should guard against it under the guidance of the overall national security concept, and uphold the principles of encouraging development, guaranteeing safety, technical regulation and coordinated supervision. Specifically, we should adhere to the concept of development and security, and accelerate the construction of a safe ecology for ChatGPT development; Adhere to the positive guidance and effective governance, and accelerate the ChatGPT collaborative supervision system; Adhere to the technical regulation and legislative protection, and accelerate the purification of ChatGPT risk prevention environment.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 5-8 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 571KB] ( 490 )

	13	The Change Course, Evolution Logic and Guiding Value of Chinese Path to Modernization
		YE Lu-yang, FU He-ming
		As an essence of the historical process of China's modernization and its experience and achievements, Chinese path to modernization is a new path to achieving national liberation, national prosperity and people's happiness that the Communist Party of China has successfully explored over a century. Chinese path to modernization has gone through five stages of change: regional trails, initial creation, development and improvement, continuous promotion and systematic deepening. The inherent evolutionary logic is reflected in the transition of national governance concepts from power-based to rights-based, the change in people's status from subjects to citizens, the shift in social governance approaches from human-oriented to rule of law-oriented, and the transformation of public management activities from traditional to modern governance. Chinese path to modernization emphasizes“people-centered” logic, common prosperity for everyone, the coordination of material civilization and spiritual civilization, the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature, and the pursuit of peaceful development. This represents a historical transcendence over western capitalist logic, polarizing phenomena, materialism, the “pollution first, treatment afterwards” model and hegemony. The new path of Chinese path to modernization has an extremely important guiding value for promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, establishing and consolidating China's discourse power in the field of modernization, and creating and expanding a new realm of global modernization.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 13-23 [Abstract] ( 23 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 153 )

Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison

	24	The Lay Buddhist Named Vimalakirti is Like Ancient Chinese Literati Bureaucratization：A Profile of the Sinicization of Buddhism with Chinese Characteristics
		YANG Ji-hua
		As a microcosm of the localization of Buddhism in China, the image of Vimalakirti, a Literati bureaucratization, presents the internal logic of the localization of Buddhism in China.His behavior is about self-improvement in the world, optimistic face of worldly suffering, moral self rescue, etc. which has positive influence on the Chinese ancient literati and bureaucrats' attitude towards life, by pursuit of ideal personality model, pursuit of life realm, and artistic creation. From the three aspects of the reconciliation of the conflict between Confucianism and Buddhism, the communication of the spirit of Buddhism and Taoism, and the reform of Buddhism itself, Vimalakirti achieved spiritual liberation through “self-cultivation at home” and “practicing Zen in the desire”. He organically integrated Buddhism's other-salvation and self-salvation into social norms by regulating his moral behavior. This fundamentally eliminates the opposition between monastic practice and secular life, and realizing the mutual connection of “internal transcendence” and “external transcendence” of self-life realm. The result is that the contradiction and conflict between Buddhism and Confucianism on morality and ethics have been well adjusted, and the communication between Buddhism and Taoism on the highest spiritual realm of freedom has broken by the narrow understanding of the secular society on the concept of Buddhism “birth”, thus providing the possibility for the localization of Buddhism in China. This fully demonstrates the characteristics of Chinese Buddhism, which not only fully affirms the significance of people's real life, but also fully pays attention to the way of free oneself from real life. As a result, the Vimalakirti is like Ancient Chinese Literati bureaucratization, he took practical actions to open up a new life mode for ancient Chinese Literati bureaucratization to come out of the world with one mind and enter the world, and also provides guidance for them to elevate the relatively abstract Buddhist and Zen principles into internal transcendence of their own life practice.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 24-34 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 601KB] ( 173 )

	35	The Textual Evolution of Early Scripture Engraving and Writing and Its Linguistic and Philological Value
		LIU Zheng, ZHENG Zhen-feng
		The activities of carving scriptures in China began during the Northern Dynasty, mainly concentrated in the area of Ye capital. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, a large number of Dunhuang scriptures and Fangshan stone scriptures emerged. The following findings can be obtained from the comparison of the Northern Dynasty scriptures and the engraved Tripitaka. In the early days, the carving and writing of scriptures presented a basic appearance of simple sentences, simple wording, and a variety of borrowed characters, while the carving of the Ye capital in the Northern Dynasty showed the characteristics of using ancient characters. In the later development of Buddhist scriptures, there has been a language evolution dominated by adding and changing words. The changed words are mostly synonyms, with few phenomena of adding or subtracting sentences or omitting words. Occasionally, errors and omissions are found; The evolution of transliterated words also supports the changes in medieval phonetics; In the evolution of Buddhist scripture copying, borrowed characters are often changed to original characters, and the phenomenon of some borrowed characters not being changed can be seen as the continuity of Buddhist scripture copying. The quantitative analysis of the differences between the early Buddhist scriptures and the engraved Tripitaka further indicates that differences between early scripture carving and writing, as well as the popular version of the Da Zheng Zang, can often be confirmed in other versions of the Da Zheng Zang,. In a word, early scripture carving and writing are often consistent, thus promoting the disclosure of the original translation of Buddhist scriptures. Early scripture carving and writing can supplement and correct the materials of Buddhist scriptures that have been passed down, and the two mutually confirm each other, which is a sufficient practice of the “dual evidence method”. Early scripture engraving and writing have irreplaceable academic value in philology, edition studies, language and writing studies.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 35-42 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 530KB] ( 147 )

Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry

	43	Development Trends and Business Model Innovation in the Digital Music Industry
		WANG Jing-ling
		At present, the business models of the digital music industry mainly include four models: paid downloads, advertising profit sharing, membership value-added services, and social music platforms. However, there are balance between music quality and download costs, excessive advertisements, and uncontrollable advertising quality , forcing users to purchase membership services, potential risks of user data abuse and leakage, high management costs, and copyright infringement. With the rapid development of the Internet and digital technology, the rise of consumer power in the digital music market has broken the game balance of the traditional music market, reversed the business model, and further affected the value chain of the digital music industry. On the production side,the production method of music content changes from manual to artificial intelligence, the power of science and technology is becoming more and more important; on the consumer side, intellectual property rights have changed from monopoly to decentralization, and blockchain technology will gradually break the monopoly foundation of music copyright. The way to find music has changed from search to personalized recommendation, and the differentiated needs of music have gradually been met. In the future, the business model of the digital music industry will continue to innovate. The streaming subscription model can meet the needs of users for convenience, flexibility and richness of works; music IP will further tap the value of music works with IP characteristics; the music community model will provide more valuable music content and better social functions in the existing way, forming unique music community features and highlights. The all-round immersive experience mode will allow users to enter the virtual music world through the digital music platform and get a more comprehensive immersive music experience.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 43-50 [Abstract] ( 27 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 497KB] ( 593 )

	51	The Mechanism and Effect of High-quality Development of Cultural Industry Driven by Financial Structure Evolution
		WU Fang-mei, ZHENG Jian-feng
		The high-quality development of cultural industry is one of the important contents of our economic development in the new period, and financial support is an indispensable factor. It is of great significance to deepen the structural reform of the financial supply side and solve the hinderance of the high-quality development of our cultural industry with the mispairing of financial resources. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) from 2005 to 2021, this paper studies the internal mechanism and effect of the financial structure evolution driving the high-quality development of cultural industry. The results show that: (1) the evolution of financial structure from bank-oriented to market-oriented has significantly promoted the high-quality development of cultural industry. (2) According to regional and temporal regression, the magnitude and significance of the promoting effect decreased from east to central and west, and the promoting effect in 2012 and later was significantly greater than that in 2011 and before, showing a certain spatial and temporal difference.(3) Further mechanism analysis shows that reducing the financing cost of cultural enterprises and improving the degree of cultural industry agglomeration are the main ways for the evolution of financial structure to drive the high-quality development of cultural industry. All regions should, in light of their own economic and financial development realities, continue to deepen the supply-side structural reform of the financial sector, speed up the establishment of a multi-tiered, extensive and risk-controllable modern regional financial service system, and promote high-quality development of the cultural industry.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 51-60 [Abstract] ( 18 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 622KB] ( 59 )

Economic Growth and Financial Innovation

	61	How Green Finance Enables Green Competitiveness of Manufacturing Industry
		SUN Ying-jie, LIN Chun
		Green finance is a crucial driving force behind the green and sustainable development of China's industrial sector in the context of dual carbon. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China from 2011 to 2019, this paper empirically discusses the empowering impact of green finance on the green competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry, and draws the following conclusions: (1) Green finance plays a steady role in promoting the green competitiveness of manufacturing industry. (2) The enhancement of green total factor productivity, rationalization of manufacturing structures, and advancement of manufacturing structures are the significant ways via which green finance influences the green competitiveness of manufacturing industries. (3) The influence of green finance on the green competitiveness of manufacturing industry is heterogeneous in structure, location and financing characteristics. In terms of structural heterogeneity, green securities, green credit, and green investment exhibit significant promotion effects on the green competitiveness of the manufacturing industry, while green insurance exhibits an inhibiting effect. Of the four dimensions of the manufacturing industry's green competitiveness, green finance plays the biggest role in promoting green social responsibility, followed by green environmental protection and green technology innovation, and finally green economy support. In terms of locational heterogeneity, green finance significantly enhances the green manufacturing industry's competitiveness only in northern China; The promotion effect of high marketization level area is better than that of low marketization level area. In terms of financing characteristics heterogeneity, the promotion effect of green finance in the group with high financing cost is better than that in the group with low financing cost; The group with relatively active credit shows a promoting effect, while the group with relatively active equity shows an inhibiting effect.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 61-71 [Abstract] ( 17 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 522KB] ( 167 )

	72	The Conduction Mechanism and Effect of Social Interaction on Family Commercial Insurance Allocation
		SUN Hui, ZHANG Ren-shou
		Commercial insurance has the dual functions of risk control and wealth management and is an important option for family stability and happiness. Based on the perspective of social interaction and according to the data of the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) in 2019, this paper empirically explores the transmission mechanism and effect of social interaction on household commercial insurance allocation. The research finds that: overall, social interaction and family commercial insurance allocation present a significant positive correlation, and the conclusion is still robust after considering endogenous issues, changing measurement indicators, and changing regression samples. In terms of sub-samples, social interaction only has a significant positive effect on commercial insurance participation in first-tier (quasi-first-tier) cities, family members with higher education (education time not less than 15 years), and households located in the eastern coastal areas. Financial literacy plays a significant mediating role in the process of social interaction promoting household commercial insurance participation. Specifically, the endogenous social interaction has significantly improved the family's financial knowledge level, and the situational social interaction has produced a good demonstration effect. The two have respectively improved residents' information awareness and trust in commercial insurance, thereby promoting family participation in commercial insurance. Financial information transmission and financial product trust are important transmission mechanisms through which social interaction affects household commercial insurance participation. Based on this, the following suggestions are put forward: create a good social interaction atmosphere and improve the quality of social interaction; improve the adaptability of commercial insurance products and family insurance allocation decisions; increase infrastructure investment and enhance the government's role in promoting and leading social interaction; improve the system of laws and regulations and strengthen the smart supervision and restraint of the community economy.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 72-82 [Abstract] ( 24 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 533KB] ( 143 )

Politics，Law and Social Governance

	83	The Shaping Process and Mechanism of Intelligent Surveillance Society
		KUANG Wen-bo, JIANG Ze-wei
		Focusing on the information privacy of new media platform users, examining the influencing factors and mechanism of platform users' privacy disclosure and transfer is a positive response to the important topic of how the surveillance society is formed in the era of intelligent communication. Analysis found that the intelligent surveillance society is shaped by individuals, organizations, platforms and society, and each level contains factors that can form constructive forces and deconstructive forces, the strength of intelligent surveillance society depends on the confrontation between the two forces. Individual factors are the internal driving force affecting privacy disclosure and transfer, active privacy disclosure is influenced by users' social needs, emotional support, privacy calculation, and social trust, passive privacy transfer is influenced by herd mentality, convenience needs, occupation requirement, and survival needs. User psychology may result in advertising harassment, life anxiety, media burnout, security risk, and other problems because of platform mechanism function. Internet platform is the central level for surveillance society maintenance, platform collects users' personal information by establishing four main scenarios, namely “registration/login”, “social/interaction”, “search/browse”, and “transaction/service”, encourages users to disclose and transfer personal information as much as possible by formulating privacy policies and designing ways of presenting privacy policies that benefit platform themselves. It will eventually lead to the social impact of proper monitoring, mandatory monitoring, exact monitoring, dynamic monitoring, horizontal monitoring, and anesthesia monitoring. Enterprises, institutions, schools, communities, and other organizations serve as the bridge between individual users and the internet platform, its mechanism is to bring together dispersed individuals, then elevate individual decision-making to collective decision-making, and share personal information about organization members with the internet platform. Furthermore, macrosocial variables such as culture and values must not be overlooked.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 83-94 [Abstract] ( 20 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1030KB] ( 275 )

	95	The Linkage Logic, Practice Pattern and Integrated Governance of the Transformation of Power and Responsibility of Grassroots Government and Society
		HE Yang
		Governance of the power-responsibility relationship between the grassroots government and society is the core issue to promote the modernization of the grassroots governance system and governance capabilities. Since the reform and opening up, the transfer of political and social powers and responsibilities in China's rural areas has gone through three stages: the government tried to decentralize power to the society, the government expanded power decentralization to the society, and the government contracted power decentralization to the society. The whole process presents a practical state that administration compresses the space of self-government. The burden of township government is formed in the evolution of the power and responsibility relationship between government and community in administrative absorption of autonomy, which is mainly manifested in the heavy workload and the ideological pressure of the staff. Policy documents and a grid-based management mechanism provide a carrier for the expansion of township government powers and responsibilities and the reduction of social powers and responsibilities, while the broadening of grassroots affairs, the expansion of policy rigidity, the over-intensification of supervision and assessment, and the blurring of government and social powers and responsibilities are the deep logic of responsibility transformation and burden increase. To reduce the burden on township governments, the value concept of the duality of the state and society should be adhered to. On the basis of gradually solving institutional problems such as the broadening of grassroots affairs, the expansion of policy rigidity, and the over-intensification of supervision and assessment, we should take the blurring of government and social powers and responsibilities as the entry point, and reconstruct the rights and responsibilities of grassroots mass self-government organizations such as township governments and villagers' committees based on villagers' self-government capabilities. At the same time, we should try to improve the quality and efficiency of villagers' self-government through the guidance of the Party building and the “autonomy-law-virtue” rural governance system.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 95-105 [Abstract] ( 11 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 576KB] ( 117 )

	106	Empowering Urban Governance with Metaverse: Mechanisms, Issues and Pathways
		LIU Yang, HAN Yong-hui
		By virtue of its advanced technological foundation, spatial form of blending virtual-reality and unique information storage mode, the Metaverse has impacted the traditional urban governance mode. According to the logic of“Technology empowerment-Demand driven-Governance reconstruction”, the Metaverse expands the boundaries of urban governance by relying on digital twin technology, innovates the concept of urban governance by relying on expanding reality technology, enriches urban governance tools by relying on blockchain technology, and reshapes the urban governance process by relying on “virtual control”. There has formed an intelligent urban governance path of “Find problems-Immediately feedback-Simulate-Trend predict-Make the decision”, thus, Metaverse governance has innovative features such as subject coordination, full cycle process, and flat mechanism. However, in the process of Metaverse enabling urban governance, there are still hidden concerns such as the difficulty in guaranteeing digital security and privacy, the easy erosion of government agencies' interests, the increasing pressure of product content supervision, and the deepening of social inequality. To this end, China's future urban governance should continue to follow the evolution idea of intelligence, precision and convenience, and achieve breakthroughs in more application scenarios, such as emergency problem response, ecological environment management, tourism order regulation, urban spatial planning and smart government construction. At the same time, we should pay attention to strengthening the compatibility between Metaverse and urban governance from the aspects of scientific and technological research, institutional innovation, content supervision, and public goods provision, so as to improve the level of intelligent governance and the ability of modern governance.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 106-113 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 516KB] ( 237 )

	114	Blockchain Enabling Data Asset Securitization and Its Legal Governance
		MA Zhi-guo, ZHANG Nan
		Data asset securitization is a financial innovation tool that effectively combines data assets and securities financing, which helps activate the potential of data elements and promote data asset value mining. At present, China has the initial foundation to explore the combination of “data + capital”, and key technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and blockchain provide technical support to promote securities innovation. It is essentially a digital reconfiguration of the securitization process of data assets by blockchain. However, as a new technology, while blockchain has an enabling effect, there are three potential risks, including the legal risk caused by the existing system lagging behind the technology-enabled practice, the technical risk caused by the limitations and improper application of blockchain, and the regulatory risk caused by the difficulty of adapting the existing regulatory model to fintech innovation. In this regard, it is necessary to try to systematically build a legal governance framework based on the integration of innovation and risk prevention, and to provide institutional and practical references for revitalizing the value of data assets and promoting securitization of data assets by improving the legal system, clarifying behavioral norms and strengthening financial supervision.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 114-124 [Abstract] ( 17 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 552KB] ( 232 )

Humanities and Chinese Spirit

	125	The Thought Experiment of “Cloud Landscape” and Its Application in Social Ontology
		CHEN Chang-shen
		Social ontology is one of the frontiers of contemporary metaphysics and philosophy of social science. Around the thesis of material constitution and material composition, a series of thought experiments on “Cloud Landscape” has had a profound influence on contemporary metaphysics. For this reason, two approaches have been formed: one is the mereological analysis, which focuses on whether the composition of things is restricted or not; the second is identity analysis, which focuses on whether there is some kind of identity criteria for temporal-spatial contingent objects. However, based on the mainstream position of mereological identity, it is difficult to respond to the challenge from the two principles of “constitution without composition” and “constitution is not identity”. Both aspects of mereological identity assume an anthropocentric position, so all that is needed for a robust realism about clouds is a concept of “relative sortal identity”, for which the concept of “possible worlds” is introduced. With the help of Epstein's “anchoring-grounding” model, Barnes's “ontological emergence” and Dasgupta's generalism, the presupposition of reductionism and individualism behind the mainstream position can be overcome. Thus, this approach to “cloud landscapes” is not only applicable to so-called natural species such as clouds but also powerfully characterizes the ontological characteristics of social facts and social groups. Finally, it shows that the “cloud landscape” of social facts and social groups must be based on the rejection of the mereological identity thesis.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 125-132 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 504KB] ( 124 )

	133	The Reproduction Logic of Daily Life and the Main Body of Consumption under the Production of Modern Urban Space
		REN Zheng
		With the transformation of capital accumulation mode and surplus value extraction mode in the process of capitalist urbanization, the production of urban space has become a new mode of continuous reproduction of capitalist production relations. By manipulating the production of urban space, capitalism achieves the reproduction of the daily life and the subject, and constructs a dialectical logical relationship of “trinity”. The mass development of modern urban spatial production and the continuous expansion of “urban organization” have promoted the reshaping of the spatial organizational foundation of daily life and the production of subjects, which has led to the expansion of capital operation from production logic to life logic and main logic. As a result, the production of urban space and its “urban organization” have promoted the expansion and generation of a consumerist daily life system, and produced the main body of consumption that cater to the needs of capital proliferation. The alienation of the subject has also spread and expanded from the alienation of labor in the workplace to the alienation of consumption and survival in daily life based on urban organizations. For this reason, the transformation of the production of urban space and the reshaping of urban organizational patterns have also become a spatial practice path to deconstruct the reproduction of the consumerist daily life and the main body of consumption under the production of urban space of capitalism. As a revolutionary change in the mode of the production of space, the urban revolution focuses on reshaping the system of daily life and removing the alienation of the subject's existence, which will promote the spatial expansion and realization of the subject's freedom and liberation.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 133-141 [Abstract] ( 18 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 471KB] ( 129 )

	142	Ideological Symptoms and Governance of Tanking Culture
		LIN Feng
		“Tanking” is a behavior where the parties involved abandon themselves, let themselves go, and let the situation develop. As a way of life, “tanking culture” is a fashionable pragmatism, refined egoism attitude and coping style with the value orientation of “avoiding shameful but useful”. It is a collection of complex social mentality that young people face when they face the gap between ideal and reality, effort and gain, success and failure. Among them are the jokes and self-mockery of “Diaosi”, the deconstructive irony of “Spoof”, the negative decadence of “Geyou Lie”, the desireless and desireless of “Buddhism”, as well as the inferiority and frustration of “Feichai” and the cynic escapes of “Lying Flat”. It can be seen that the “tanking culture” reflects a strong sense of powerlessness and a general sense of loss of control that youth groups have when they face difficulties and encounter setbacks. The culture of tanking has a distinct ideological color, presenting an ideological significance of resisting the tyranny of time in a fast-paced society, the failure of efforts to alleviate the spread of internal competition, and the construction of reverse identification in the dilemma of temporary escape. And under the combined force of the “I'm tanking and I'm happy” created by online carnival, the new form of digital labor derived from technological iteration, and the evaluation methods of quantifying social achievements and data calculation, the “tanking culture” has to some extent demonstrated the spiritual alienation of “self-doubt” and “self-negation”, the ideological crux of the labor alienation of “inferior games” and “digital gameplay”, as well as the self-alienation of “self-exploitation” and “self-exploitation”. In this regard, the mainstream ideology should introduce relevant policies and systems based on the diverse needs of youth to ensure the growth and development of youth, guide youth values with a new attitude of dialogue and inclusiveness, and take the construction of rule of law as the foothold to govern the cultural ecology of cyberspace.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 142-149 [Abstract] ( 22 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 560KB] ( 478 )

	150	The Historical Study on the Problem of the Wet Nurses' Highly Professionalism and Abandoning and Drowning Babies in the Song Dynasty
		ZHANG Ting-bo
		From the Mid-late Tang Dynasty, the Wet Nurses-Trade's professionalism had become increasingly obvious. As a result of the mid-upper-class women refused to nurse their own babies themselves as time went on to the Song Dynasty, the Wet Nurses-Trade stepped into the highly developed professionalism stage with apparent commercial nature .At this time, not only the number of the wet nurses was huge, but also it appeared highly consistent typicality and group feature of the wet nurses' appearance characteristics, clothing and posture as well as the temperament and so on. The higher return of the wet nurses-trade comparing to the other jobs made the women having the lowest social status flocking to it. But the upper-class society made out strict choosing standards upon the wet nurses as the professional group was enlarging. The highly professional wet nurses concerned with two key problems in the Song Dynasty in fact, that is :For one thing, the professional wet nurses are the important participants on the baby-caring for the employer under the poor medical condition and the babies' high death-rate. The wet nurses devoted their whole life time working for their employers and even had brought up several generations of the employer's family. The wet nurses had been regarded as the upper-class society babies' patron saint and received an extreme high respect to a considerable extent. For another, the particularity of the wet nurses' professional identity determined that they have to give birth to a child themselves before they started their nursing careers. According to the historical record at hand, there was little possibility that the professional wet nurse could bring their own babies into the employer's home to bring up them together with the employer's babies. As a result of this, their own babies almost always had been lost at home and brought up by the grand-parents with the rice juice or had been sold ,donated, discarded or even drowned. There are always one or more tragedies of abandoning and drowning babies hiding behind the most professional wet nurses. However, at present, scholars basically ignored the inevitable relationship between the high professionalization of wet nurses and the serious folk baby- abandoning and drowning in the Song Dynasty.
		2023 Vol. 40 (3): 150-159 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 640KB] ( 295 )

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