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	2022 Vol.39 Issue.4 Published 2022-07-15

	Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison Special Zones and Chinese Road Economic Growth and Financial Innovation Humanities and Chinese Spirit Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry Politics, Law and Social Governance

Special Zones and Chinese Road

	5	The Empowerment Structure and Pattern for the International Dissemination of China's National Image with the Joint Efforts of the State, Individual Cities, and Enterprises
		DAI Yong-hong, FU Le
		In recent years, international public opinion dominated by Western-centrism has been hurling attacks on China. In face of a grave and complex external environment, it is of great theoretical value and practical significance to construct an empowerment structure on the basis of empowerment theory, which centers on value co-creation and engages the state, individual cities, and enterprises to boost China's global image. This dissemination empowerment structure, based on the three dimensions of the state, individual cities, and enterprises, builds a value co-creation network at macro-meso-micro levels, aiming to reverse the information deficit in international dissemination and increase the advantage of the collaboration at different levels and driving forces for sustainable development of dissemination value creation. In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), multidimensional efforts are required to boost city image and national image with enterprises going global, help Chinese enterprises and brands get out of the trade predicament during the pandemic with the construction of the empowerment structure to boost China's global economy and make joint efforts at different levels and take a carrot-and-stick approach to enhance China's comprehensive international competitiveness. To accomplish these tasks, decision-makers, researchers, and implementers of China's policy in international dissemination of national image should give up the traditional top-down mentality with the government taking the lead, open up a new way for boosting China's global image with a collaborative interconnected multi-level structure, and make it not only empower Chinese enterprises, but also enhance the credibility and bring benefits to them.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 5-10 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 635KB] ( 282 )

	15	Shift to Life Issues in Chinese Rural Governance with Institutional Changes
		TIAN Meng
		With the change of national institutions and rural communities, everyday life governance is becoming the focus of policy-making and academic research of rural governance in the new era. Everyday life governance is an important tradition and approach in China's rural governance. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's rural governance has gone through the eras of “people's communes”, “township government and villager autonomy”, and “integration of autonomy, governing by law, and governing by virtue”. The rural governance in different eras has different governance bodies, governance targets, and governance goals, and has different governance characteristics and effects. In the era of people's communes, the communes had governmental, political, and economic functions. This was the institutional basis of rural governance at that time, which nationalized rural governance, and collectivized and politicalized living and working practices of farmers. In the era when the township organs exercise political, administrative, economic and other management powers on behalf of the state and villagers implement autonomous management of their daily issues in rural areas, the new institutional structure of “separating community governance from government administration” led to the “marketization” of rural governance over life issues, resulting in de-administration, individualization, and consumerization of farmers' daily life. In the era of “governing by law and virtue, and villager autonomy”, the “integration of government administration and community management” has become the new institutional basis for rural governance, making the management of life issues a significant part of rural governance. With the growing influence of administrative power and inadequate development of social organs, we should be wary of “over-administration” in rural life governance to prevent the “alienation” in the management of life issues. At the same time, we should improve villagers' capacity of managing life issues on their own, give full play to the role of democracy in promoting people's livelihood, and enhance the efficiency of life governance.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 15-25 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 562KB] ( 174 )

Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison

	26	Logic behind Progress from Cultural Confidence to Cultural Identity
		TANG Dai-xing
		Cultural confidence entails not only a stance to guide and lead other cultures with our culture so as to civilize people, but also expectation of positive response from other others. Cultural identity is a prerequisite for the response effect of cultural confidence. With cultural confidence, we are assertive about our culture and aim to integrate with other cultures. Cultural confidence is built in the process from self-assertion to integration with others so as to achieve cultural identity as a result. This logic is mainly based on regional pride of culture, the subjectivity of culture and the fact that humans are similarly wired but widely different in habits and behaviors. The construction of this logic requires not only formal conditions such as commodities, institutions, education and rituals, but also substantive conditions such as belief, value, conservatism and openness, non-coercion and non-induction. The necessity of opening this logic highlights the nationality claims of humanism, the right claims of cosmopolitanism, the subject claim of boundaries, and action appeal for love and faith. The key to the progress from cultural confidence to cultural identity is the coexistence of individuals and the world, otherness and universality. It must follow the natural logic of culture with perpetual development as primary driving force, the logic of rights and the logic of the subject with equality as the core, pursuing the coexistence of individuals and the collective, nations and the humanity, and countries and the world. The progress from cultural confidence to cultural identity, should be based on honesty and faith, and aimed at achieving understanding sympathy and compassionate love. Only with credit and morality can we make the world a better place. Only when we transcend narrow nationalism and extreme patriotism can we coexist in harmony.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 26-36 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 562KB] ( 206 )

	37	Historical Confidence: Establishment Logic, Cognitive Structure, and Practical Orientation
		HE Xi-hui
		Historical confidence, a specific political discourse and category, is the CPC's attitude and practical consciousness based on its deep understanding and memory of the“four histories（party history, new China history, reform and opening up history, socialist development history）and their laws, especially the process and experience of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The establishment logic of historical confidence needs to be explored from the perspectives of the combination of Marxism and the historical spirit of the Chinese nation, the historical achievements of the Communist Party of China in the past century, the beginning of a new journey to achieve the second centennial goal in the new era, and the lessons learned from the nihilistic history of some socialist countries. The three perspectives respectively constitute the cultural foundation, social foundation, realistic needs and practical consciousness of a firm historical self-confidence. The cognitive structure of historical -confidence is composed of three levels. Firstly, keeping the “four histories” alive is the basic requirement to enhance historical confidence. Secondly, pursuing the historical mission of national rejuvenation is the key to boosting historical confidence. Thirdly, it is the purpose of enhancing historical confidence is to know history, love the party, and love the country, which is the basis of historical identity. These three levels show a progressive logical relationship. As a basic confidence, historical confidence is an important practical guideline for fostering the “four confidences （confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics）” so as to build a sure spiritual foundation for the Chinese communists.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 37-46 [Abstract] ( 29 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 564KB] ( 174 )

Innovation Economy and Cultural Industry

	47	Space-time Characteristics and Future Trends of Virtual Cultural Tourism in the Digital Economy Era
		QI Ji, CHEN Si
		At present, digital technology has brought extensive and profound impact on human production and life. Cultural tourism is characterized by iterative innovation of content, accelerated technological upgrade and interactive experience empowerment, and is moving toward a new stage of transformation, upgrade and high-quality development. Virtual cultural tourism deeply integrates digital technology and cultural content. Through the three space stages of retrieving cloud information, embedding immersive settings and feedbacking cloud travel experience, virtual cultural tourism provides an immersive platform and creates interactive settings for tourists to get immersive mirror image experience, and enables them to travel the world from the comfort of their homes. In virtual space, tourists realize the compression and extension of time with digital technology, reconfigure and reconstruct space and time through virtual experience, and creatively decode virtual reality with cultural participation and interaction. This not only creates a new community in the virtual space, but also removes social hierarchies and identities defining people in the real world, and thus reconstructing social relations in the virtual world. In the future, virtual cultural tourism will better meet the people's high-quality and diversified spiritual and cultural needs and integrate into the new development pattern of the digital economy era by building virtual-reality settings, creating cultural communication platforms at local and global level, establishing a mobilization-participation cultural expression mechanism, and reconfiguring a disembeding-reembedding cultural space-time relationship.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 47-55 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 557KB] ( 580 )

	56	Consumer Identity and Value Measurement of Guochao
		ZONG Zu-pan, LIU Xin-yu
		China has seen a surge in consumers' interest in domestic brands for various political, economical, social and cultural reasons. In the narrow sense, guochao（cult of domestic brands） refers to Chinese domestic brands rich in Chinese culture and fashion elements and Chinese consumers' growing interest in them. In the broad sense, guochao is more than physical objects, but a mirror of ideas. It refers to the revival of Chinese cultural gene in symbol production and consumption, and reflects the spiritual features of current China. Guochao can be achieved in two ways: “popularization of domestic brands” and “nationalization of popular domestic brands”. To popularize domestic brands, we need to work on fashionable derivatives, crossover marketing, connection of subcultures, and technology empowerment. The nationalization of domestic brands is manifested in the visual integration of traditional elements, the integration of traditional crafts in design, the integration of traditional stories in marketing, and the integration of traditional spirit in ideas. Guochao is the result of consumer identity. In terms of identity, consumers hope to build a sense of identity and belonging between the country and the communities in the consumption of popular domestic brands. In terms of difference, consumers are eager to show they are unique and different in the choice of domestic brands. To retain Chinese consumers' interest in domestic brands, we should be wary of the generalization of domestic brands, explore their spiritual content, break the boundaries of guochao, better tell Chinese stories, establish guochao aesthetics, and enhance cultural confidence.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 56-63 [Abstract] ( 33 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 568KB] ( 243 )

Economic Growth and Financial Innovation

	64	The Impact of Government Support and Financial Environment on Corporate Innovation Investment
		YAO Jin-hai, ZHONG Guo-hui
		To give full play to the government innovation support policy and push for corporate innovation, it is necessary to reasonably understand the effect and mechanism of the government support on corporate innovation. Based on the panel data of 1760 A-share listed companies in China from 2017 to 2020, this paper constructs an econometric model to empirically analyze the impact of two types of government support policies, tax rebate and government subsidy, on corporate innovation input and the regulation of financial environment. The findings are as follows:（1）At national level, the government support gives a strong impetus to corporate innovation input: 1% increase in tax rebates results in 0.0411% increase in corporate R&D expenditures; 1% increase in government subsidies results in 0.0939% corporate R&D expenditures.（2）The more advanced the financial environment, the more research expenditure of enterprises. A good financial environment enhances the positive effect of government support on corporate innovation input.（3）Compared with other types of enterprises, manufacturing enterprises are more willing to invest in scientific research and development.（4） There is regional disparity in the impact of government support and financial environment on corporate innovation input. The promotion effect of government support on enterprise innovation investment is the largest in the western region, followed by the central region and the smallest in the eastern region. The effect of financial environment on the government policy is also the most obvious in western China. In view of this, we should keep pushing enterprises to increase innovation investment and improve innovation capability by building a modern financial hub, increasing government support, and balancing innovation support resources among regions.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 64-73 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 536KB] ( 216 )

	74	Evaluation of China's Economic Efficiency and Influencing Factors at Provincial Level in Terms of Life Quality
		ZENG Bing
		Responding to people's yearning for a better life is essential to the high-quality development of Chinese economy. It is of practical significance to evaluate China's economic efficiency at provincial level from the perspective of life quality. Based on the mechanism of China's economic efficiency at provincial level from the perspective of a better life, this paper uses the panel data of 30 provinces from 2010 to 2019 and the super-efficiency DEA model to evaluate the efficiency, and uses the Spatial Dubin model to conduct empirical analysis on its influencing factors. The findings are as follows: （1）In terms of development level, China's economic efficiency at provincial level was generally "high in the east and low in the west”. Two-thirds provinces have not achieved DEA effectiveness, but show a positive trend in the long run. （2）In terms of regional balance, China's economic efficiency at provincial level is not balanced, showing a gradient pattern decreasing form east to west. Provincial differences are mainly within each region, and tend to get smaller. （3）In terms of spatial dependence, the economic efficiency at provincial level in China is, on the whole, significantly spatial dependent. Locally, it is mainly homogeneous LL-type and HH-type clusters with distinct horizontal differences, and balanced development has yet to achieve. （4）There is a positive interaction among provinces due to the spillover effect of economic efficiency. Urbanization and marketization have significant positive direct and indirect effects on the economic efficiency. Human capital and opening up to the outside world have significant negative indirect effects. Industrial structure has significant negative direct effects. The direct effect of fiscal decentralization is not significant, but the positive indirect effect is significant.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 74-85 [Abstract] ( 17 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 665KB] ( 137 )

Politics, Law and Social Governance

	86	Comparative Study of Social Capital in the Marketization of Public Service: Experiences and the Road Map
		XU Hai-yan
		Popularizing PPP in public service and realizing marketization of public service supply is an effective way to facilitate access to finance for urbanization construction and achieve high-quality development. PPP in western developed countries is the product of the combination of free market economy, market dominated by private enterprises, and contract spirit. With the distinctive features of “marketization”, “privatization” and “contractualization” of public services, it has realized the unification of free market economy, complete rule of law system and strong national capacity. The marketization of China's public service supply is advanced in the process of reform and opening up, streamlining administration and delegating power, and building a service-oriented government. It is positive for building a service-oriented government, maintaining the dominant position of socialist public ownership, building China into a modern socialist country, but it is flawed in many ways: the government plays an absolute role; the participation of non-public capital is low; administrative departments overstep their authority; it requires more effective rules and regulations. There is no one-size-fits-all model for the marketization of public service provision. The experience of the countries in the third wave of democratic reform shows that the blind pursuit of a series of neoliberal models such as denationalization and privatization is harmful to the country. At present, China should push for the marketization of public service in the whole-process democracy, constantly optimize government functions, improve the rule of law, and give full play to the unique advantages of social capital in the marketization of public service provision.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 86-95 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 583KB] ( 154 )

	96	Party Politics under the Metaverse Perspective: Topics, Risks, and the Governance
		SUN Hui-yan
		With the increasingly wide application of digital technology in people's daily life, the Metaverse, which represents the latest development of information technology, has entered the arena of party politics and is playing an important role in changing party politics. The Metaverse can empower party politics in various ways: the fusion of virtual space and real world enhances the effect of ideology dissemination; real-time communication and immersive experience engages more people in politics; the combination of different technologies promotes intelligent social governance and thus the Metaverse has become a new field affecting national sovereignty and security. Given this new political force, some political parties have begun to adjust their strategies and fully tap the political implications of the Metaverse so as to promote the intelligent development of party politics. However, the development of the Metaverse will bring many potential risks to the party in many aspects such as ideology, democratic politics, social governance, and sovereignty security if organizational systems, resource structures, and power relations do not evolve with technology in a coordinated way. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a coordinated governance framework involving top design, institutional system, multi-dimensional cooperation and social ethics, balance technical logic and public value through top design, make the Metaverse governance more flexible and effective through institutional innovation, build a coordinated governance model through the joint efforts of the stakeholders, take advantage of social ethics to complement technological governance, and then engage political parties, governments, enterprises, and the public into the Metaverse governance to construct a coordinated governance system that integrates value, system and technology.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 96-105 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 600KB] ( 198 )

	106	On the Income Premium of Privileged Kids from the Perspective of Mean Decomposition
		WANG Xiao-qin, SHAO Yi-hang
		Fuerdai (privileged kids) is a Chinese term for the children of privileged family background, who are mainly divided into three categories: children of the party and government leaders, children of elite intellectuals, and children of business tycoons. Based on the CGSS2010-2017 data, we analyze the income premium of privileged kids in comparison to young people from average families in China with the O-B decomposition method. The findings are as follows:（1） The kids of the party leaders and government officials have the highest income premium, followed by the kids of business tycoons, and the children of leading intellectuals have the lowest income premium. This is common for both male and female offspring from rich and powerful families.（2）The income difference between the offspring of privileged families and those of average families is primarily due to the difference in their employment environment, human capital and social capital characteristics. There is difference in returns, but not significant.（3）The income premium of children from privileged families, male or female, can be largely attributed to their efforts. To sum up, social class is, to some extent, solidified in China, but this solidification is generally benign. Due to the difference in the income premium of privileged kids of different family backgrounds, the policies aimed at improving the intergenerational income distribution should be intended to not only improve the employment environment for children from average families, and allow them more access to human and social capital, but also formulate different solutions to the intergenerational income differences caused by different reasons.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 106-114 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 550KB] ( 136 )

	115	Equal Protection of Criminal Justice to Private Economy in the Construction of a Unified National Market: Current Situation, Mechanism and Measures
		DOU Lu
		The construction of a unified national market requires criminal justice to provide equal protection to private economy, and substantial protection and social security for the new pattern of economic development. In terms of insufficient protection, there exist defects in charges, lack of qualitative basis, and unclear discretionary benchmark of statutory punishment. Given this situation, it is necessary to explore the mechanism of equal protection of criminal justice to private economy in the construction of a unified national market. The value of equal protection of criminal justice in private economy is to ensure free access of private enterprises to the market activities they are allowed entry. It is integrated with the value of justice to be the value of legal order, which is necessary in value construction. The value of equal protection of criminal justice lies in the three levels of freedom of legitimate operation, equal opportunity, and fair competition, which is taken as the basis for the criminalization of illegal acts involving the property rights of private enterprises. In terms of the transformation of the protection pattern of criminal justice, it is necessary to emphasize the protection of the legitimate freedom of the business owner, pay attention to the new management issues caused by the change of demand, and comprehensively examine the social damage of the crimes against the property rights of private sectors. To provide equal protection of criminal justice to private enterprises in the construction of a unified national market, it is necessary to clarify the legal interests of the crimes of negligence of duty, dereliction of duty, and breach of trust, to establish the criminalization basis for the illegal use of management right by senior executives of private enterprises, and to define the standard for the statutory punishment for similar crimes, in order to put the regulations into effect in the protection of private enterprises.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 115-124 [Abstract] ( 24 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 522KB] ( 167 )

Humanities and Chinese Spirit

	125	The Establishment of Confucius' Xing-Tian Model and the Justification of Confucian Thought of Human Nature
		ZHANG Wan-lin
		If we understand the relationship between Tian (Heaven) and Ren (humans) with the Tian-Xing (human nature) model, Tian and Ren are both natural forms. Tian creates Ren, but gives Ren only physical form. Therefore, human nature can only be interpreted in terms of human's physical form: human nature is all about human properties. As for human properties, it is hard to distinguish between good and evil, but not all of them are good. In the Tian-Xing model, Tian endows Ren with righteousness. However, righteousness is only a formal concept rather than a true virtue if Ren does not accept this gift from Tian. Only in the Xing-Tian model, Ren responds to this gift from Tian, and goodness can actually empower humans. This is what Confucius worked at. In his lively moral life, Confucius reversed the relationship between Tian and Xing: changed it from Tian-Xing to Xing-Tian. This dramatic reversal provided Confucius profound insights into human nature. Confucius transformed Tian from a creator into a communicator in moral practice. It is through the communication with Tian and response to Tian that humans obtain real morality, and this real morality is human nature. Confucius called it benevolence, so benevolence and Tian are connected. The above analysis gives us a clear picture of Confucian thought of human nature: in the reversed Xing-Tian model, human nature is certain to bring humans freedom and goodness. In other words, Xing-Tian model is the basic model of human nature established by Confucius. It is not surprising that, with this model, Confucius held the view that human nature was originally good. It became the basic model later Confucians used to expound upon the thought of goodness of human nature.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 125-136 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 632KB] ( 124 )

	137	Basis, Logic and the Road Map of Marx's Space Justice
		SUN Quan-sheng
		Marx criticized the injustice caused by spatial production of capitalism and based spatial justice on labor practice, civil society and communism. He thus advocated spatial justice from the perspective of practice theory, social theory, and axiology, presenting the explicit critical logic of spatial injustice, the implicit critical logic of space politics, and the super-explicit critical logic of space ecology. In terms of explicit logic, Marx revealed that space production of capitalism maintained private ownership, illustrated spatial injustice such as exploitation and suppression in social space, and demonstrated the importance of proletarian revolution to realize spatial justice. In terms of implicit logic, Marx pointed out capitalist political ideology resulted in spatial injustice, criticized the hegemony of space politics, and advocated justice in space politics. In terms of super-explicit logic, Marx revealed the destruction of space production of capitalism as a non-ecological behavior to natural space, and called for harmony between natural space and social space to achieve spatial ecological justice. In terms of the road map of achieving spatial justice, Marx demanded to limit the logic of capital proliferation in spatial production, establish humanistic space, equally distribute space resources, coordinate various interests in space, and achieve a balanced development of global space. Marx's spatial justice is distinctly critical, class-based and practical, contains values of equality, humanity, and diversity, and improves the social critical ethics.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 137-149 [Abstract] ( 29 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 589KB] ( 111 )

	150	Three Major Changes for the Mainstream Modern Chinese Literary Critics in Overseas Education Experience and Literary Debates
		LIU Xiong-ping
		The mainstream Chinese modern literary critics were mostly leading intellectuals, and 70% of them had overseas education experience. They were categorized into “returnees from Japan”, “returnees form the Soviet Union”, “the returnees from Europe”, and “returnees from the US” due to their different locations of study. Besides, they were different in ideology, way of thinking, and research approaches due to the different science education they received in different periods. These differences gave rise to many literary schools and societies of different styles in the 30 years of modern Chinese literature, and triggered constant literary debates. Those who studied abroad before the May 4th Movement mostly learned natural sciences such as science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine. They were eager to challenge tradition, question authorities, and pursue innovation. These scientific qualities equipped them with very strong critical consciousness in literary debates. Those who studied in Japan and the Soviet Union after the May 4th Movement were mostly exposed to social sciences such as philosophy, politics, and economics. Their tit-for-tat political position made them very aggressive in literary debates. Those who studied in Europe and the US were mostly dedicated to human sciences such as literature, history, art, and linguistics. They had a strong yearning for freedom and beauty. Their humanistic temperament created a relatively peaceful environment for literary debates. The three shifts to three different “sciences” of the mainstream modern Chinese literary critics in their overseas learning experience prompted the three transitions in the literary debates on modern Chinese literature, and the appearance of various modern literary criticism paradigms such as “logic-empirical study”, “society-history”, and “instinct-experience”.
		2022 Vol. 39 (4): 150-160 [Abstract] ( 20 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 638KB] ( 165 )

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