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	2017 Vol.34 Issue.3 Published 2017-06-20

	Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison Philosophical Studies Political Science Economics Studies Legal Studies Literary Studies Scholar Forum Special Economic Zones and Chinese Road Creative Economy and Culture Industry Academic observation Sociology Study

Scholar Forum

	5	The Centurial Development of American Confucianism: from “Confucianism in America” to “American Confucianism”
		CHENG Zhi-hua
		As an important branch of overseas Confucianism, American Confucianism has undergone distinct stages in its formation and development. The first stage witnessed the rising of Sinology. The second stage saw the development of American Sinology. The third stage was characterized by the differentiation and co-existence of Sinology and “China studies”. The fourth stage was the further development of American Confucianism. The new trend of American Confucianism in postmodern period marked the fifth stage. Combing through these stages, we can find that American Confucianism has evolved from Sinology to Confucianism and then to philosophy. Besides, in reference to evolution of “Chinese philosophy” from “philosophy in China” to “Chinese philosophy”, we may say that American Confucianism has gone through a history of evolution from “Confucianism in America” to “American Confucianism” and that the realization of this process can be attributed to the fact that Confucianism can offer some answers to philosophical questions in America.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 5-12 [Abstract] ( 46 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 578KB] ( 705 )

Academic observation

	17	A Clear Strategic Shift from “Development of Small Cities and Towns” to “Urbanization”
		FAN Gang, HU Cai-mei
		The essence of urbanization is the urbanization of people, which is the result of people's rational and independent choice. At a stage of rapid industrialization and urbanization, it is a basic law for people to flock to megacities. Megacities are the real engine of economic growth. Under the guidance of the idea of “developing small cities and towns”, China artificially restricts the population and land-use scale of megacities, which results in severe shortage of infrastructure and public service in megacities, and tremendous pressure to city operation. Giving priority to the development of small and medium-sized cities and small towns with favorable policies and subsidies does not stop population loss, but leads to low productivity and waste of resource. The recent polarization between the real estate market in first-tier and second-tier cities and that of third-tier and fourth-tier cities is actually the consequence of the idea of “developing small cities and towns”. It is now the top priority to give up the idea of “developing small cities and towns” but to establish “urbanization” as a guide policy to lift restrictions on the development of megacities, to scientifically predict the population size of cities in accordance with the objective laws of population flow, to optimize the distribution of infrastructures and public services, and to drive forward the development of metropolitan agglomerations and urban belts with megalopolises as leaders and inter-city transport as bonds. As for small cities and towns, currently they need to focus on ecological conservation and cultural preservation, the improvement of infrastructures and public services so as to pave a way for the population return in post-urbanization stage.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 17-20 [Abstract] ( 38 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 629KB] ( 467 )

Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparison

	21	From Zhonghe Ideology of Axial Age to Dialogue among Modern Civilizations
		GAN Xiao-qing, KE Zhen-chang
		In ancient China, zhonghe (ideology of moderation and harmony) was advocated, which required people to adhere to the principle of moderation in social practices such as handling interpersonal relationship and governing the country so as to achieve the coordination of body and mind, the harmony between human and nature, and the harmony of the whole society. Zhonghe ideology is not specific to Chinese civilization. During “Axial Age”, many sages in all the great civilizations emphasized zhonghe ideology, but its inheritance varies in different civilizations. Europe's theory of equilibrium suggests a link to zhonghe ideology, but they differ in essence. In face of today's complex international situation, we must be committed to “peace and development”, and increase dialogues among civilizations so as to create a good external environment and effectively promote the noble cause of human beings.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 21-26 [Abstract] ( 38 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 500KB] ( 575 )

	27	Global Justice in Difference and Communion —on Amartya Sen's Criticism of Huntington's Theory of Civilization Clash
		LI Xiang
		With the growing trend of globalization, we have been increasingly confronted with justice challenges, and the constant conflicts are a prime symptom. Conflicts are induced by complicated causes, but are by no means caused by existing human civilizations. The theory of civilization clash is not a new paradigm but an old way of thinking, and it is an inherent cultural hegemony rooted in the identity confirmation with confined cultures. Only when we respect diverse identities, uphold the freedom of choice, and practice rationality first can we find a way out of the murky illusion of identity. Global justice can only be achieved if we break?the?shackle?of self interest, promote communication among civilizations, embrace differences and share the world in harmony.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 27-32 [Abstract] ( 39 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 487KB] ( 482 )

Special Economic Zones and Chinese Road

	33	Promoting Reform through Opening up: China's Experience of Successful Development
		ZHENG Hong-liang
		In response to the anti-globalization thought and resistance to reform in recent years, we need to draw on some successful experiences in China's reform and opening up process of nearly forty years. Promoting reform through opening up is an important part China's successful experience. Establishment of special economic zones, introduction of foreign investment, joining WTO, the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect program, Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, and “Belt and Road” initiative are all classical cases of promoting reform through opening up, and some of them reveal “opening up is also reform”. Combing through these successful experiences will help us explore new ways to effectively implement reform measures and further open up in an orderly way.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 33-37 [Abstract] ( 41 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 637 )

	38	The Dilemma and Breakthrough of Urban Household Registration System Reform——Implications from Shenzhen Experience
		CHEN Bo, ZHANG Xiao-jin
		China's household registration system can date from a special historical context. This administrative system restricts the free flow of population, which, in essence, conflicts with urban development. In the course of the institutional change, system reform falls behind the changes of the development context, and the GDP-oriented strategy of the government advocating developmentalism. Due to the factors such as misunderstanding of the development of megacities, household registration system continues to follow the old paths, which creates a self-reinforcing effect upon itself, and thus makes a major barrier to urbanization and also results in slow progress in the household registration system in megacities. Reviewing the history of Shenzhen household registration system reform, the author discovers Shenzhen is significantly different from other cities at the starting point of the system, and that the broader institutional?environment and the special state of the city also make it possible for the administrators to conduct more inclusive and open reform on the household registration system. This paper argues that the policy orientation of household registration system reform lies in the simultaneous promotion of interest diffusion and interest diversion, the balance between the inclusiveness and absorptiveness of the system, and the reasonable balance between instrumental objectives and objectives of value.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 38-45 [Abstract] ( 42 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 543KB] ( 730 )

Creative Economy and Culture Industry

	46	Measurement Reference for Community's Public Cultural Facility Disposition
		WANG Lie-sheng
		Along with the promulgation and implementation of “China's Public Cultural Service Act”, the community cultural governance system has come into being. This means China has stepped into a new stage in terms of modern public cultural governance system and governance abilities, and is faced with great opportunities and challenges in dealing with “the last kilometer problems” of community cultural governance. In terms of community cultural governance, we should take into account the factors such as population size, social structure and performance benchmarks. We can only find a way out of the ineffective extensive community cultural governance when we dispose facilities in accordance with population size. In a heterogenic social structure, we need to establish community cultural facility disposition principles on the basis of its heterogenic characteristics. In a homogenic structure with elements of different proportions, we should tailor policies to effectively measure the disposition of cultural facilities in specific communities according to the changes of diverse elements. In the expansion upgrade of cultural facilities, we have to make the disposition benchmark synchronous and convertibly parallel with the performance of the tools running at the platform and the effect of policies.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 46-54 [Abstract] ( 25 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 564KB] ( 591 )

	55	Reflections on the Establishment of China's Public Cultural Crowdfunding System
		HUANG Yu-rong
		Crowdfunding for public culture refers to an innovation and supply mode of public culture to get together the governments, enterprises, organizations and people to raise money and introduce talents through the Internet. China's public cultural policy orientation, the cultural funding potential accumulated in China's civil society, and the power of the cultural funding gathered on the crowdfunding platforms make the combination of crowdfunding and public cultural construction possible. The design of China's public cultural crowdfunding system mainly includes operation principles, operation modes and implementation approaches. We need to adhere to public principles, regional principles and public participation principles when designing the system. The operation modes mainly include gathering projects through platforms, creating platforms with projects, and integrating fundraising with talent introduction. The implementation approaches mainly include establishing crowdfunding platforms, developing regulatory mechanisms, enhancing the credibility of the platform, and constructing feedback mechanisms, balance treatment mechanisms, and risk-circumvention mechanisms.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 55-61 [Abstract] ( 44 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 489KB] ( 533 )

Philosophical Studies

	62	From “Tianxia Ethics” to “Responsibility Ethics”: the Evolution and Reconstruction of the National Ethics in Zhou and Qin Dynasties
		WANG Xing-shang
		The ethical choices of Qin State as it developed from an ancient state into an eparch state and then an empire provide a typical case for us to understand the ethical changes in ancient China. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a “tianxia system” based on tianxia philosophy, moral ethics and ritual-musical (Li Yue) civilization. The killing of King You of Zhou brought an end to the “tianxia system” of the Western Zhou. In the anarchy during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, Qin State experienced a series of cruel struggles for survival and natural selection, going through the three stages of an ancient state, an eparch state and an empire. With the ethical choices based on moral ethics, survival ethics and responsibility ethics, Qin State eventually became a hegemony and rose as a great power. At the same time, the “tianxia system” created by the Western Zhou was replaced by the “empire system” of Qin State.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 62-66 [Abstract] ( 31 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 496KB] ( 475 )

	67	From Foolishness to Clarity: the Objective of “Knowing” in Daoism
		Choi Ki-hoon
		Laozi proposes devotion to dao through daily reduction, a method of attaining knowledge of dao through reduction and non-action. This form of knowing differs from ordinary knowledge or learning. Laozi rejects the knowledge in the form of aphorisms of mundane people, seeing through its imperfections and inability to lead to a grasp of dao as a whole, and thus proposes an ending of knowledge such that through this ending of knowledge one can reach the knowledge of non-knowing. Foolishness is the realm of non-knowing, and thus also the precondition for grasping or understanding dao. Non-knowing does not mean simply knowing nothing, but rather signifies a process of seeing through the distinctions and preconceptions of the mind, transcending their limits, and developing a higher level of knowing. This process can be summarized as one of ending of knowledge and entering into non-knowing, and through non-knowing attaining an understanding of dao. Understanding of dao can be divided into understanding through knowledge of constancy, and understanding through seeing the small. Understanding through knowledge of constancy signifies grasping the “greatness” of dao as returning together with things, while understanding through seeing the small signifies grasping the “smallness” of dao as softness, weakness, and subtlety. Thus from knowing to foolishness, from foolishness to clarity, transcending common knowledge and attaining the knowing of dao, seeing the subtlety of dao and returning to the clarity of the root, this is the real objective of Daoist “knowing”.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 67-71 [Abstract] ( 31 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 418KB] ( 575 )

	72	Probe into the Aesthetic Ideology of Lin Quan Gao Zhi
		CUI Yu-bin
		Lin Quan Gao Zhi by Guo Xi, a painter and theorist in the Northern Song Dynasty, contains rich aesthetic thoughts, which are mainly represented in the following aspects: painters should bring aesthetic attitude into painting, present different aesthetic images of different seasons, achieve the aesthetic ideal of making their paintings realistic as if they could be for living or sightseeing, stay close to nature and present its beauty in paintings, cultivate the culture of enjoying and adoring nature, and take an all-inclusive approach in creation. The essence of these thoughts can be generalized as “shan shui you ti”, which means there are a set of systematic approaches and codes in feeling and expressing the artistic conception in landscape paintings. By applying modern aesthetic concepts to reconstruct, analyze, and interpret the aesthetic ideology mentioned above, we can get further and systematic understanding of Guo Xi's aesthetic thought and art theory, which could be helpful to modern aesthetic and artistic activities.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 72-76 [Abstract] ( 45 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 476KB] ( 495 )

Political Science

	77	Reasons for the Long-term Rule of Singapore's People's Action Party and Malaysia's Barisan National Coalition and the Implications
		CHU Jian-guo, LI Jiang
		Both Singapore's People's Action Party (PAP) and Malaysia's Barisan National Coalition have the power to divide electoral districts, limit the activities of the opposition party, take charge of the distribution of national resources, attach great importance to economic development, and organize elites to run for election. However, PAP attaches importance to the role of the leadership and anti-corruption mechanism while Barisan National Coalition adheres to pro-Malays policy and emphasizes the improvement of the living standards of rural Malays. The implications for the long-term rule of China's ruling party from the experience of the two ruling parties of Singapore and Malaysia are as follows: the ruling party should improve the system of multi-party cooperation under the CPC's leadership, absorb elites to engage in national governance, attach great importance to economic development, improve social security system, and promote anti-corruption campaigns and self-discipline in the party.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 77-82 [Abstract] ( 30 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 518 )

	82	People-Oriented Features: the Essence and Logic of the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics
		QIN Zheng-wei
		The socialist system with Chinese characteristics has rich connotations and distinct features, among which being people-oriented is the most prominent. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics is people-oriented, meaning this system is of people and for people, and it represents people, depends upon people, and serves people. Being people-oriented is the essential attribute (as it is the essential attribute of scientific socialism), value consideration (as it is the basis and highest standard for the socialist system with Chinese characteristics), historical logic (as it is the historical logical starting point and the main theme of the historical development of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics), actual base (as it is the actual base and goal of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics), and direction for the future (as it is the development objective and momentum of development of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics) of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 82-87 [Abstract] ( 34 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 720 )

Legal Studies

	88	Discretion Legalization of Administrative Approval in Government Service Paradigm
		AI Lin
		With the deepening of streamlining administration, delegation and transformation of government functions, the reform in administrative review and approval system which acts as a solely executed mechanism, has its marginal effect constantly reduced, thus a more systematic reform of “decentralization, administration and service” has been implemented on a full scale. In order to achieve the objectives of this reform, one of the key factors is to disassemble the specific statements of discretion of administrative approval. By doing so, the discretion of administrative approval can not only reflect the legitimate goodwill, but also follow the regulation of laws, and can then be further integrated into the administration service paradigm. The core of discretion with legitimate goodwill is to promote the government agencies and their staff to be more practical, responsible and innovative in exerting their power so as to deliver active services that are both principle-complying and flexible, standard but convenient, so that both public and private interest will be enhanced to add value to the administrative expectations. In other words, the discretion of administration approval in the administration service paradigm reflects the balance between legislation standard and service orientation, the unification of approvals by rules and transactions by needs, the legal rationality balancing substances and forms.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 88-93 [Abstract] ( 39 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 457KB] ( 509 )

	94	On Legitimacy of Trade Autonomy
		GAO Jun-jie
		Trade autonomy is the inherent attribute of trade associations. For country or other equal subjects, trade associations are entitled with the right of autonomy, which is a way of achieving individual rights in groups. For members in the trade association, autonomy is the right for trade associations, which falls into the category of public power. The essence of trade autonomy is the autonomy of communities, which accord with the interest element, organization element, and operation system of community autonomy. In philosophy of law, the basis of trade autonomy lies in the belief that “individual will is the highest”, and depends on the independent spirit of the trade association and the high specialization of the affairs of the trade association. The separation between the state and the society determines they should perform their respective duties. The state cannot interfere with anything that the trade association can handle on its own. Trade autonomy is the product of the binary opposition between the state and the society.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 94-100 [Abstract] ( 36 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 511KB] ( 452 )

	101	Origin, Structure and Function of Environmental Lawsuits of US Citizens
		ZHUANG Si-si, LI Chun-lin
		Due to slack law enforcement of administrative organs and the inefficiency of traditional common law, the United States achieved little in environmental improvement after WWII. The “Clean Air Act” issued in 1970 created a new form of litigation intended to protect environmental public interest, which signified a new phase of US environmental governance. With unique and advanced designs, the environmental lawsuits of American citizens play a powerful monitoring function, a benign balancing function, an effective complementary function, a strong remedial and restructuring function, which prompts administrative organs to strictly enforce the law, enterprises to obey the law, and therefore pushes forward environmental governance in US.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 101-105 [Abstract] ( 26 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 413KB] ( 529 )

Economics Studies

	106	Current Situation, Problems of International Poverty-alleviation Cooperation in Lancang-Mekong Subregion and Suggestions
		LUO Sheng-rong
		Lancang-Mekong sub-region is a key area for poverty alleviation in international community as poverty has been a prominent problem there. A series of multilateral and bilateral international cooperation mechanisms for poverty alleviation have been developed, which have promoted infrastructure construction, the development in agriculture, tourism, trade, and human resources in this sub-region. All these efforts, to a certain extent, have alleviated poverty in this region. Nevertheless, many international mechanisms for poverty alleviation, to some extent, have also resulted in mechanism congestion. Lancang-Mekong sub-region has gradually turned into an arena for foreign powers. In the mean time, the international cooperation for poverty alleviation in Lancang-Mekong sub-region is plagued by the turmoil of democratization, environmental issues, and lack of systematic planning and evaluation. The Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism formed in 2016 is one of the cooperation mechanisms pushed by China for closer cooperation with neighboring countries. International poverty-alleviation cooperation is one of the priorities in this mechanism. In view of the current problems in international poverty-alleviation cooperation in Lancang-Mekong sub-region, in the future, measures should be takes as follows in international poverty-alleviation cooperation under Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism: actively advocating the new poverty-alleviation ideas of cooperation, green poverty-alleviation, and joint efforts of governments, enterprises, NGOs, and society; creating targeted poverty-alleviation cooperation platforms; seeking bilateral and multilateral balances and a balance with current cooperation mechanisms; focusing on the development new poverty-alleviation programs.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 106-112 [Abstract] ( 35 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 519KB] ( 719 )

	113	Maturity Difference between Chinese and American Corporate Bond Markets and Its Implications
		HU Yao-ting, CAO Ping
		Maturity structure is an important indicator of the financing efficiency of corporate bond markets. In comparison with US, maturities of bonds at China's corporate bond market are shorter, and the difference in this regard is growing between the two countries in recent years. There are three reasons for this difference: Firstly, the development of corporate bond markets in the two countries is at different levels. Secondly, the two countries have different focuses in fiscal and monetary policies. Thirdly, the two countries have different financial systems. Shorter maturities indicate China's corporate bond market needs to improve it abilities to serve real economy. Lengthening maturities depends on improvement of financial market and coordination of fiscal and monetary policies, three suggestions are therefore proposed as guidance for the development of China's medium- and long-term corporate bond markets: First, we should enhance cooperation at bond markets and address the issue of shortage of investors at the bond markets at stock exchanges. Secondly, we should, with innovative products such as CDS, make bond markets more appealing to investors. Thirdly, we should take the initiative to attract long-term funds into the corporate bond market.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 113-118 [Abstract] ( 38 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 574KB] ( 525 )

	119	Transmutation of Economic Policies in Western Countries in the 20th Century and Its Theoretical Implications
		XIA Qing-yu
		In the 20^th century, major economic policies in Western countries changed from traditional liberalism to Keynesianism, and then to neo-liberalism. The logic behind these changes is that liberalism (old and new) and Keynesianism are opposite to each other and both have their advantages and limitations. The disadvantages of Keynesianism are the advantages of liberal economics and vice versa. It is hard to combine these two economic theories as they are essentially opposed to each other. Therefore, when liberal economics accorded with the objective requirements of a certain period, it became popular. However, when liberal economic policies were pushed as long-term strategies, their disadvantages became apparent and caused economic problems. To address the problems and overcome the drawbacks caused by liberal economic policies, governments had to take opposite policies, and Keynesian economics could resolve these problems. But when Keynesian economics flourished, it also revealed its drawbacks. When it developed at a certain level, governments must turn to liberal economic policies for solutions to problems induced Keynesian economic policies. This is exactly the deep logic behind the changes of economic policies in Western countries in the 20^th century.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 119-126 [Abstract] ( 31 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 515KB] ( 520 )

Sociology Study

	127	Responses to Population Ageing and Prospects for Long-term Care Insurance Legislation
		ZHENG Shang-yuan, YUAN Shao-jie
		Due to large population basis, population ageing is a large-scale and very quick process for China. The increasing number of old disabled people demands dedicated care. For a long time, China has been turning over this responsibility to families, and the families cover the care fee and provide care takers. However, with the dramatic changes in family structures due to the imbalance of age structure and the progressively diminishing family size from one generation to the next caused by family planning policies, how to take care of the elderly disabled parents from both sides after the only children getting married, how to regulate overcharging care services and services of different types and qualities, and how to respond when families cannot afford to take care of their elders has become social concerns. Social concerns need to be regulated with social laws. Care risk, a type of survival risks, has become social risk. Long-term care insurance, a social insurance formed and used in Germany, Japan and Taiwan, has adequate experience to address the issue. At present, China has launched pilot programs in long-term care insurance system. We have reason to believe that long-term care insurance system will soon be put on the agenda of lawmakers and eventually come into shape. However, only following the path of this unique system in legal principles, security objectives, legal provision accuracy, and experience accumulation can we help rule the country by law in the field of social insurance.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 127-134 [Abstract] ( 40 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 544KB] ( 538 )

	135	“Excessive Implementation”: the Grass-root Government and the Operation Logic of Rural Minimum Living Security System
		KOU Hao-ning, LI Ping-ju
		The operation of China's Rural Minimum Living Security System (RMLSS) is mainly embodied in policy implementation of the grass-root governments. The investigation in Beixian County, Nanxian County, and Ningxian County of Hebei Province reveals there are two stages in policy implementation of RMLSS: the early stage of excessively loose implementation and the late stage of excessively tight implementation. This change reflects the excessive logic in the implementation of the rural minimum living security policies of the grass-root government, namely artificial amplification of the administrative goals set by higher authorities. The grass-root government excessively loosens the requirements when higher authorities request RMLSS should cover all the people who meet the requirements, while excessively tighten the requirements and even totally stop the service when higher authorities call for moderately tight policies. This implementation logic results from the grass-root government's result-oriented behavioral features caused by powerful government, multilevel personnel and fiscal restraint, and weak supervision of administrative process, and the top-down performance evaluation system and promotion mechanism, which makes the grass-root governments add new rules and requirements at every level to ensure that they can fulfill and even overfulfill the task so as to accomplish prominent achievements.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 135-141 [Abstract] ( 38 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 492KB] ( 871 )

	142	The Political Logic and Market Logic of Governance on Megalopolis: A Case Study of Beijing
		WU Xiao-wen, SHI Xiu-yin
		The transformation of the megalopolis from duralist structure of urban-rural split to high degree of urbanization has been completed. Nevertheless after transformation, it is of necessity to establish new mode and system of governing the megalopolis adaptive to its production, social structure as well as societal demands. The key issue lies in handling systematic problems, including chaotic process and impasse of inablility, overcoming the plight of tension between the logic of government and the logic of market. The governance experience in Beijing indicates that an effective path of social governance on Chinese megalopolis contains transition from urban administration to urban governance, governance based on negotiation as the fundamental idea, party domination while people participation as the principle, optimizing the formal dialogue stage dependent upon organic solidarity. The comprehensive route are characterized by regulation, flexibility, coordination and involvement.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 142-148 [Abstract] ( 27 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 495KB] ( 512 )

Literary Studies

	149	Amount and Achievement of Cidiao in Anonymous Ci in Song Dynasty
		LIU Zun-ming
		The anonymous Ci in Song Dynasty amount to 1590. There are in total 306 Cidiao (original names counted, the same Cidiao with different names not counted) used in them, among which there are 188 old Cidiao passed down from Tang and Song Dynasties. The new Cidiao which first and only appeared in anonymous Ci of Song Dynasty amount to 118. In the 118 new Cidiao used in the anonymous Ci of Song Dynasty, 41 Cidiao first appeared in these anonymous Ci and were later used by Ci writers in Song Dynasty, and 77 were only used in anonymous Ci but not taken by other Ci writers in Song Dynasty. In terms of number, the total number of Cidiao used by the anonymous Ci writer exceeds that of any great master or famous writer of Ci in Song Dynasty. In terms of achievement, the anonymous writers of Song Ci not only inherited 188 old Cidiao of Tang and Song Dynasties, but also contributed to Cidiao of Tang and Song Dynasties with 118 new Cidiao. There are Xiaoling (short Ci) and Zhongchangdiao (medium-sized and long Ci), and both Daqu and Zaqu are valued, which was also significant contribution to the development of Cidiao in Song Dynasty.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 149-154 [Abstract] ( 37 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 476KB] ( 646 )

	155	On “Establishment of Chinese Prose Theory in Song Dynasty” ——Centered on Classical Prose Movement
		ZHANG Zhi-yong
		In recent years, there have been a lot of heated debates as to when prose theory was established in ancient China. Some believe prose theory was established in Song Dynasty, others think it was established in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and still others hold it was established in the Southern Dynasties. Debates on this issue, in essence, relates to the realization of the fundamental functions of prose writing in ancient China, and ways of organizing proses. “Badaiwen” from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties can be generalized as “poeticized proses”. Comparing them with proses of Tang and Song Dynasties in functions and organization, we can find the classical prose movement made proses have two functions of narration and argumentation. Therefore, it was in Song Dynasty that Chinese prose theory was finally established as a discipline.
		2017 Vol. 34 (3): 155-160 [Abstract] ( 33 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 476KB] ( 701 )

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