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	2018 Vol.35 Issue.2 Published 2018-03-20

	Creative Economy and Cultural Industry Special Zones and Chinese Road Economic Growth and Financial Innovation Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparision International Politics and the Rule of Law Urban and Rural Construction and Social Governance The World of Humanities and Chinese Spirit

Dialogue on Civilization and Cultural Comparision

	5	Oriental Smile and Meditation: Iconographic Interpretation of the Buddha Head Statues Art in Han Buddhism
		ZHANG Jie
		Buddha images play an important role as core visual symbols in Buddhist belief and dissemination, and Buddha head statues are the core of Buddha images. Buddha head statues in Han Buddhism have evolved from the “fairy models” and “images with foreign features” to “images with Chinese features”, from “statues with delicate and angular features” to “statues with noble and graceful features”, and ultimately to statues like mortal beauties. This is the process of evolution from the worship of divinity to the exaltation of human nature. The historical change in the Buddha head statues in Han Buddhism vividly reflects Sinofication of Buddhism over one thousand years, exhibits its local and secular features and folk tendency, and reveals the conflicts, adaptation and integration between Chinese culture and Buddhist culture. Moreover, Chinese traditional culture and aesthetic ideas are incorporated into the representation of Buddha’s contemplation and smile. Buddha head statues in Han Buddhism show distinct national consciousness, strong vitality and assimilation of Chinese culture. The realistic significance of the Sinofication of Buddhism in the present time is to arouse Chinese nation’s cultural confidence and consciousness.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 5-14 [Abstract] ( 32 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1214KB] ( 1045 )

	15	Comparison between Tibetan Buddhism Policy Control in Yuan and Qing Dynasties
		HU Yao
		Religion is a great cultural lever to maintain social stability and has its prominent role in promoting national integration. In the history of China, Ming and Qing Dynasties,which were established by ethnic minorities, for the same purpose, both adopted the policy of “winning obedience from local population with their own customs” by supporting Tibetan Buddhism to appease border ethnic minorities, but each had its own focus in implementation. In terms of religious leadership, in Yuan Dynasty the emperor’s teacher had the greatest power, while in Qing Dynasty four major lamas were appointed for division of power. In regard of privileges, Tibetan Buddhist monks were overprotected in Yuan dynasty, and their privilege overruled the state's judiciary. However, privileges of monks were strictly confined within the law in Qing Dynasty. It terms of management systems, rules and regulations in Yuan Dynast were extensive but slightly weak, while Qing Dynasty imposed all-around control on Tibetan Buddhism with more intensive rules and regulations. In terms of the religious faith of the royal family, Yuan Dynasty’s obsessive religious belief resulted in insufficient control of religious authority, while the rulers of the Qing Dynasty had a clear understanding of the influence and enlightenment of the Tibetan Buddhism. From the difference between “centralized” and “decentralized”, between “lenient” and “strict”, between “extensive” and “intensive”, and between “obsessive” and “functional”, we can easily discern whether Yuan Dynasty or Qing Dynasty held better policy in controlling Tibetan Buddhism. By comparing the two dynasties' policies on Tibetan Buddhism and their gains and losses, and integrating successful experience of the two dynasties promoting ethnic unity and governing border regions, we can learn lessons from history and gain some inspiration for the present.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 15-20 [Abstract] ( 23 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 511KB] ( 636 )

Special Zones and Chinese Road

	21	On China’s Rural Land Property Rights from the Dimension of Distributive Justice
		JIA Ke-qing
		The “three rights division” of ownership, contract right and management right is a major innovation of China’s rural land system. Under the mode of “three rights division ”, the ultimate ownership belongs to the whole society, which can guarantee the foundation of socialist economic system and the equal rights and benefit sharing for all members of society. The land contract rights have been determined for every farmer household, which protects farmers’ basic life from being infringed, and free them from worries in the process of urbanization. The free circulation of land management right through the market will result in large-scale and modern agricultural production and maximize land value and improve agricultural efficiency. Ownership, contract right and management right correspond to three values: equal sharing, bottom line protection and economic efficiency. With the establishment and improvement of the land property right system with clear ownership, complete power, smooth circulation and strict protection, these three values will be more and more fully reflected. This process is also the realization process of social distribution justice and common prosperity.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 21-27 [Abstract] ( 29 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 465KB] ( 403 )

	28	Implication of Land Transfer Policy in Shenzhen Urbanization for Land System Reform in New-type Urbanization
		FU Ying
		Promoting new-type urbanization is of great strategic and practical significance to build a well-off society in an all-round way and speed up the process of socialist modernization. Moreover, deepening the reform of rural land expropriation system and improving land management rights and the transfer mechanism of homestead use right have direct bearing on the quality of people-centered urbanization. In the early 1990s and early 2000s, Shenzhen completed the urbanization of rural areas inside and outside the special economic zones. In the process of the nationalization of agricultural land outside special economic zone, Shenzhen has implemented a special policy of land transfer, which is more radical than land expropriation in the past. At present, in some places thus appears the objective situation of “land urbanization” faster than “population urbanization”. To analyze the effect and influence of land transfer in Shenzhen urbanization and draw inspiration from it is beneficial for the test of land system reform for giving consideration to national, collective and individual interests in the progress of new-type urbanization.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 28-36 [Abstract] ( 33 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 521KB] ( 518 )

Creative Economy and Cultural Industry

	37	Driving Force for the Development of Listed Digital Game Companies: a Case Study of Shanghai
		HUA Jian, TIAN Ye
		In recent years, China has become the largest player in the global digital game market. In the process of development, China’s digital game industry has shown the distinct characteristics of “large aggregation and small communities”. Shanghai is one of the most dynamic cities in China's digital game industry, and the rise of Shanghai’s listed digital game companies has been launched in the background of Shanghai’s construction of a remarkable global city. Effective measures to promote the development of listed digital game companies in Shanghai are: Combined with double transformation of the cities and industries, optimize the space layout of game industry, and form specialized agglomeration, and interconnected networks; Promote the opening and cooperation of the game industry, and build the international radiation center of China’s game industry through “eastward expansion” and “southern development”; Build an excellent game industry ecosystem, and along with smart city construction provide high-speed, multi-connection and low-delay technology support; Develop multiple game industry development engines, including backbone enterprises, live broadcasting platforms, e-sports industry, etc., and form a multi-core driven model.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 37-47 [Abstract] ( 32 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1224KB] ( 842 )

	48	The Paths, Obstacles and Countermeasures of Industrialization Integration of Cultural and Creative Industry
		CHEN Ying
		In the era of digital creativity, the integration of cultural and creative industrialization enters into depth and breadth development. Digital creative industries are to break through the science and technology bottleneck of cultural innovation through technical innovation, to promote culture and the seamless link and the fusion of science and technology through integrate innovation, to create the culture brand and strengthen cultural property through product innovation. However, cultural and creative industries have various forms and complex classification, innovation elements between different industries need to overcome demand, ability, system level of barriers, in order to realize the coupling development of cultural resources and technological innovation. Therefore,cultural and creative industrialization need to integrate with agriculture, manufacturing, information services and mass consumption industries, through cultural and agricultural industrialization towards a "sixth industrialization", cultural and manufacturing industrialization by improving original and new science, cultural and information services industrialization by enhancing the added value of the design, art, content, cultural and mass consumption industrialization towards a fusion of "digital humanities" path.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 48-52 [Abstract] ( 38 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 509KB] ( 564 )

Economic Growth and Financial Innovation

	53	On Financial Structure, Foreign Direct Investment and Capital Allocation Efficiency——Based on the Perspective of Financial Supply-Side Structural Reform
		PENG Zhen-hua, XI Ming-ming
		Based on the provincial panel data from 2005 to 2015, this paper measures the capital allocation efficiency of China's provinces (including municipalities directly under the central government or autonomous regions). Besides, it studies the impact of financial structure on the efficiency of regional capital allocation in China from three aspects: financial scale, financial structure and financial deepening. The empirical results show that direct financing has greater impact on the efficiency of capital allocation than indirect financing, which is based on bank credit. The increase in the proportion of direct financing in the total amount of social financing can improve the efficiency of regional capital allocation. Second, because of the crowding out effect of public investment, the direct intervention of government in the capital market will lead to a decline in the efficiency of capital allocation. Third, the introduction of foreign direct investment can significantly improve the efficiency of capital allocation. The introduction of FDI is not only the introduction of foreign capital, but also brings in foreign advanced technology and advanced management experience at the same time. The above conclusions can provide a reference for the government to promote the structural reform of the financial supply side and to improve the efficiency of capital allocation.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 53-64 [Abstract] ( 34 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 606KB] ( 569 )

	65	Customs Supervision of Non-trade Items: Historical Background, Evolution and Reflection
		DAI Ming-hui
		Luggage and postal items are usually subject to relatively loose regulatory policies when going in and out of the customs due to their “non-trade and non-profit” properties. Criminals use the loopholes in supervision to profit from these so-called non-trade items, which has serious impact on national revenue, market order, ecological safety, and the image of the customs. From the historical evolution in this regard, the customs carries out the functions of enforcement of bans, inspection, recording, and protection, which has given much convenience to overseas Chinese going in and out mainland China and greatly promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between China and other countries. Unfortunately, these functions cannot always be properly carried out due to the subjectivity of law enforcement, ever-changing situations, and lagging technologies. To create a harmonious win-win ecological environment for the customs, at national level, we need to improve the legislative system and the top-level design, publicize core values, strengthen ideological and moral construction, and build up credibility system. At the customs level, we need to integrate regulatory elements, innovate regulatory models, improve the level of informationization and internationalization. For individuals and enterprises, it is necessary for them to raise awareness of responsibilities and law, and strive to set a good example.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 65-72 [Abstract] ( 38 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 590KB] ( 704 )

International Politics and the Rule of Law

	73	State Governance Ecology: Combination Rule of Morality and Law Dominated by Rule of Law: Consulting with Prof. DAI Mao-tang and Prof.YU Da-huai
		ZOU Hai-gui
		Concepts such as “rule of morality”, “rule of law” , “rule by law”, and “rule the country by morality” should be clarified. “Rule of morality” can be interpreted in broad and narrow sense, and there are traditional and modern “rule of morality”. “Rule of law” is not equal to the legal system. It is a concept opposite to the rule of men, referring to political methods rather than ruling methods (ruling operation). Rule of law is after all the product of modern society. It is a kind of ideal and political mode of democracy, a political ideal and system opposite to autocracy and dictatorship. The relationship between morality and law cannot simply be translated into the relationship between rule of morality and the rule of law. Legalization of morality and moralization of law both have limitations as there are deviation both in logic and theory in these two propositions and they are risky in practice. The proposition that morality and law interact and support each other covers reasonable elements in the two propositions of “legalization of morality” and “moralization of law”. Social transformation and the major conflicts in the modernization of China’s state governance determines the leading position of rule of law. Legalization of state governance is the landmark in state governance modernization. Only when we adhere to integration of rule of morality with rule of law dominated by rule of law under the leadership of CPC can we actually create a healthy ecological environment for current China’s state governance.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 73-81 [Abstract] ( 24 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 511KB] ( 547 )

	82	Limits and Impacts of Artificial Intelligence in Legal Profession
		YANG Li-min
		There is a tendency to overgeneralize the relationship between artificial intelligence and law. The impact of artificial intelligence on human occupation should not be generalized, for its effect will be different due to characteristics of different professions. The rapid development of artificial intelligence will structurally change the legal profession, reshap the legal service market and redistribute global legal resources, but AI is unlikely to replace human lawyers as a whole. In the development from product features to human-like features, AI is confronted with some insurmountable obstacles, such as lack of ideology and moral feelings unique to humans, limited cognitive range, comparatively fixed computing modes and cognitive logic. Moreover, the development of artificial intelligence in legal profession will face objective problems such as reliability of data models, data sharing, legal supervision, and practice generalization. However, information technology has had profound impact on human employment structure and labor market, and also brought about challenges and opportunities in legal profession. China therefore can take advantage of this technological opportunity to address the imbalance in legal service resource distribution, and deeply engage in reshaping global legal service market.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 82-90 [Abstract] ( 35 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 545KB] ( 585 )

Urban and Rural Construction and Social Governance

	91	The Model Selection and Path Conception of Urban Governance Modernization in China
		WANG Pu-qu, LEI Yu-ruo
		As a foundation and significant component of national governance system, urban governance plays a pivotal role in the advancement of the “five in one” overall plan and the “four comprehensive” strategic layout. However, with the acceleration of urbanization, China's urban governance modernization faces many difficulties and challenges. How to promote the reform and innovation of the government to realize the modernization of urban governance becomes the basic issue of the modernization of national governance capability. Based on the analysis of the connotation and evolution of government innovation, the theoretical origins of urban governance and its value connotation, this paper points out that there is a dialectical relationship between the urban government innovation and modernization of urban governance: innovation value determines the achievement of urban governance; innovation ability determines urban governance capability; city government innovation determines the degree of city governance. In turn, modernization of urban governance can not only optimize the space and social environment for government innovation, but also the path of city government innovation. Therefore, government innovation is the preferred paradigm for China to realize urban governance modernization. Guided by the conception of achieving urban governance modernization through innovative governance, taking the path of realizing urban governance modernization through innovative urban governance mechanism, we are expected to drive forward China’s modernization of urban governance through promoting the sustainable development of urban governance with scientific and technological innovation, and increasing soft power of urban governance with cultural innovation.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 91-99 [Abstract] ( 20 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 515KB] ( 725 )

	100	The Construction of New Towns and New Districts in Western China in the New Era：Orientation, Problems and Development Strategy
		JIANG Qing-guo
		In the background of “western development”, “new urbanization” and “Belt and Road Initiative”construction, the construction of new towns and new districts in western China will be an important driving force for new urbanization, solving housing problems and creating jobs for a large number of people, making urban spatial structure more reasonable, and promoting healthy and sustainable development of cities, economy and society in western China. Although the construction of new towns and new districts in western China started late, there are inevitably a series of problems in the development process, such as obvious phenomenon of industrial overlap, lack of scientific evaluation system guidance, and prominent environmental problems. In the new situation, it is particularly important to integrate construction and development of new towns and new districts with development strategy in western China. For this reason, in the construction of new towns and new districts in western China we should strive for "new" reforms. By using new towns and new districts as pilot areas, with new development ideas western China will take new systems and mechanisms, new industrial structure, and new operation models to break through traditional development paths, and develop “innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared” new patterns of development.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 100-106 [Abstract] ( 32 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 505KB] ( 527 )

	107	From Community Building to Community Development: Institutional Logic and Discourse Changes in Community Governance Innovations since the 18th CPC National Congress
		WU Hai-hong, GUO Sheng-li
		The new form of community governance in the mainland since the 18th CPC Congress is essentially a new discourse and movement of community governance arising from the introduced resources and discourse combined with the needs of local society. Committed to the change of people and the relationship between man and the environment which centered people’s living culture, community development tries to build a bottom-up, multi-agent community governance action and discourse system to achieve the community development as a whole and sustainably. By responding to the pain points of community building since the 1990s and further building consensus among the various actors, also as a discourse mechanism for institutional change and an important force for innovation in community governance, community development helps to bring the emergence of a cross-border coalition and the formation and development of a community governance cooperation system to achieve positive interaction between the state, society and market. Its occurrence depends not only on the implementation of the institutional environment from top to bottom, but also as an indicator of the growth of social forces, marking a possible breakthrough in the innovation mechanism of community governance, which has always been dominated by the state.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 107-115 [Abstract] ( 17 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 554KB] ( 1252 )

	116	On Supply Mode Construction of “Internet + Public Service” in Community
		HE Ji-xin
		As a new supply mode in public service, community Internet+ public service” is an important part in supply-side reform in community public service under the background of Internet booming. Providing more guidance to “Internet + public service” and helping it move to a new supply mode of co-construction, sharing, and co-governance has become a pressing key issue. Based on in-depth investigation and focus meetings, with the application of grounded theory, this paper attempts to explore the supply mode of community “Internet + public service”. Our findings show that five main factors have significant effect on the supply of community“Internet + public service”, including external environment, government guidance, construction of service enterprises, third-part operation, and management platforms. The external environment is the external reason. The demand of the government, service enterprises, and third-party platform operation is the internal motive. The main body of the platform construction is composed of the government, service enterprises and third-party operators, and the operation of management platform is the core content. On this basis, a new supply mode is constructed and new cooperation modes are summarized.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 116-124 [Abstract] ( 28 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 671KB] ( 563 )

	125	Gender Support Strategy for Implementation of “Two Kids, One Couple” Policy
		WANG Lei, WANG Jing
		The supporting policies of “two kids, one couple” are inherently connected with gender interests. They benefit some interest groups and harm others. To implement “two kids, one couple” policy, it is essential to make relevant supporting policies benefit both men and women. The key to institutionalization of the policy lies in the introduction of gender theory perspective into the implementation of “two kids, one couple” policy. Looking at the supporting policies of “two kids, one couple” from the perspective of gender theory, we find gender interest is drowned out by public interest and kept out of public view. The starting point and basis for relevant supporting policies have not been established on the premise of promoting gender quality, and the protection of women's special rights and interests has not been realized. In the implementation of policies, we have not given sufficient consideration to different influences on the rights of men and women in real life, and after the implementation of policies, there is also a lack of concern for women and men. This is a gender blindness in the system design. To properly implement “two kids, one couple” policy, we need to take all the gender interests related to the supporting policies into account, and involve the gender consciousness in mainstream decision-making, make every decision-maker aware of his responsibility of adopting gender theory perspective, strengthen gender sensitivity in policy operation, and facilitate the realization of gender interests in the implementation of the supporting policies of “two kids, one couple” policy.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 125-133 [Abstract] ( 31 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 535KB] ( 574 )

The World of Humanities and Chinese Spirit

	134	Creation and Spiritualization of Life: on the image of LIANG Shu-ming’s Ethical Vitalism
		WANG Zhong-jiang
		Among different types of vitalism in modern China, LIANG Shu-ming’s vitalism focuses on the evolution of all the different kinds of living beings with emphasis on human beings, especially the evolution of their ethical and spiritual life, more specifically, the creation of Confucian ethical life and spirit. In the construction of his ethical vitalism, Liang takes Confucian ethical tradition and value of “law in this world” as foundation, and vests the ideas of life, intuition, reason, evolution, creation, spirituality, which normally are not vested with ethical values, with Confucian ethical values. Furthermore, Liang’s thought is also influenced by the “law for leaving this world”from Buddhism, and his ethical vitalism makes promise for the evolution in the future. LIANG Shu-ming’s reflection on life, ethical life and mind, and even the mentality from psychology, is never restricted in the present, but within a long time frame. The way of life, mind, and spirit is how they evolve.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 134-143 [Abstract] ( 30 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 560KB] ( 515 )

	144	Research on CHEN Zhen-sun’s Postscript of Shi Yong Tu
		TAN Xin-hong, MI Hao-yang
		ZHANG Xian, a celebrated poet in Northern Song Dynasty, drew a landscape and figure painting called Shi Yong Tu (《十咏图》) to commemorate his father ZHANG Wei. Many literary men made prefaces and postscripts to this picture, such as the preface by SUN Jue, the postscripts by CHEN Zhen-sun, YAN Yao-huan, XIAN Yu-shu and Tuo Tuo. CHEN Zhen-sun’s postscript of Shi Yong Tu is a precious historical document. It related the date, place and figures of the gathering of six old men, analyzed the relationship between ZHANG Wei and ZHANG Xian and the birth years of them. In addition, CHEN Zhen-sun recorded the date and his age when he composed the postscript. In the process of transmission, Chen’s postscript developed into two versions. One is the version of ZHANG Xian’s Shi Yong Tu, the other is the version of Zhou Mi’s Qi Dong Ye Yu(《齐东野语》) . Compared with the version of ZHANG Xian’s Shi Yong Tu, the prevailing version of Zhou Mi’s Qi Dong Ye Yu has many transcription errors and deliberate changes. This reveals that the version of Zhang’s Shi Yong Tu is more valuable and estimable. Furthermore, examination of SUN Jue’s preface to Shi Yong Tu suggests we should pay special attention to SUN Jue’s record about ZHANG Xian’s birth year.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 144-151 [Abstract] ( 46 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 666KB] ( 720 )

	152	Historical Logic of Water Control, Opening up Waterways and Grain Transport by Water in Ancient China
		WU Shi-yong
		Politics is an important key to understanding the historical logic of water control, opening up waterways, and grain transport by water in ancient China. From the point of view of historical development, there was a centralized system of unification in the first place, and then the water conservancy society developing from water control and not the opposite. With the political center and the basic economic zone gradually separated, and the continuous development of centralized political dynasty, canals were dug and grain was constantly transported to the capital, and grain transport by water and the corresponding system thus came into being. From the historical logic, however, there is only indirect causality between grain transport by water and opening up waterways. Canals are neither a sufficient condition nor a necessary condition for the institutionalization of grain transport by water. Institutionalization of grain transport by water can be attributed to politicalization of canals, which is reflected not only by the improvement of canals and establishment of official positions in grain transport by water system, but also the fact that the central government used all political resources, and even sacrificed local interest to give full support to grain transport by water, and in this process emerged a political interest group.
		2018 Vol. 35 (2): 152-160 [Abstract] ( 22 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 587KB] ( 830 )

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