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| Good Governance in Rural Community in Ancient China: Three Dimensions of Rural Governance of Confucians in the Southern Song Dynasty |
| CUI Hai-dong |
| College of Humanities, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003 |
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Abstract The exiled Confucians in the Southern Song Dynasty divided people in rural areas into three classes, the “officials and gentry” who were leaders and elites, the “petty officials and despots” who played a devastating role at the grassroots level, and “the rich people and commons” who needed to be protected and educated. And then they adopted different strategies to govern the rural areas in accordance with the characteristics of the three classes, namely, they relied and allied with the first class, regulated and punished the second, and protected and educated the third. Specifically, the strategies for the first class included: relying on officials to reveal their own misconducts and malpractice of the government and the reasons behind, and put forward countermeasures for improvement; siding with the gentry to promote the development of the public affairs in rural areas. Strategies for the second class included: regulating petty officials by exposing their vices of oppressing common people and deceiving their superiors, identifying the causes behind and providing countermeasures, and limiting use of these officials; punishing despots by revealing the harms they did to the rural community when they bullied villagers and officials and collided with petty officials, and imposing severe punishment on them. Strategies for the third class are as follows: protecting rich people, viewing their roles objectively and properly safeguarding their interests; cultivating commons focused on improving people’s livelihood and education. In terms of livelihood, many measures were taken such as preserving the land, equalizing taxes, reducing military service, preparing against natural disasters, tightening security. In terms of education, rural Confucians established family rites to draw closer the clans, and build academies to educate the villagers.
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Received: 15 September 2019
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2020, Vol. 37 
