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| Superintendents and the Evolution of American City School Systems: The New York City Experience（1898-1918） |
| ZHANG Bin-xian, QIAN Xiao-fei |
| Institute of Educational History and Culture, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 |
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Abstract The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed the emergence of a wave of brilliant superintendents within the American city school system. Following the trend of reform, they became agents of the Board of Education, vigorously carried out reforms, and played a significant role in the modern transformation of American city school system during the progressive era. Lauded as “the founder of the Great New York City School System”, William Henry Maxwell served as the superintendent in New York for nearly 20 years. His experience was the epitome of the school reforms in American big cities during that period. With the support of many reform groups, professional superintendents led by Maxwell abolished the dual educational management system and obtained most of the educational management power by pushing educational legislation. By means of specifying the management hierarchy and promoting the professionalization of teachers, Maxwell further confirmed and expanded his power in practice, and thus shaped the highly hierarchical modern school management system. On this basis, Maxwell enriched and differentiated the school curriculum, introduced a series of welfare programs such as the physical examination system and recreation centers, and committed to expanding the social function of the school so as to adapt to the industrial city development in the transition period.
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Received: 10 October 2018
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2018, Vol. 35 
