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| Definition, Measurement and Control: Major Dimensions and Problems in the Researches on Foreign Corruption |
| DONG Juan |
| Institute of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, Party School of the CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510053 |
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Abstract Corruption is a long-standing regular anti-moral behavior or phenomenon. It is the abuse of public resources, public interests, public organizations and public positions against law and principle of public order and good custom to satisfy the interest of some individuals and groups. It has been an important issue that has long been concerned in theory and practice by scholars all around the world. Combing through the studies of foreign corruption, we find that concept definition, cause measurement and control mechanism as three important dimensions of foreign corruption studies, respectively constitute the logical starting point, focus and emphasis of inquiry. Firstly, concept definition as the logical starting point of foreign corruption research is the theoretical basis of the research. Regarding what is corruption, foreign academia has formed the classic school that emphasizes the individual moral anomie and the modern school that emphasizes the violation of public interests, and on this basis develops the neo-classical school that highlights the construction of a moral discourse system and the new modern school that is dedicated to the study of the dynamic and regular attributes of corruption. Secondly, cause measurement,the focus of foreign corruption research, has enabled researchers to have a basic understanding of the besetting sin of foreign corruption. In regard to the causes of corruption, foreign scholars have analyzed corruption at different levels of individuals, groups and the whole society. They believe that individual corruption is, to some extent, an alternative scheme when personal needs cannot be satisfied. Group corruption is related to the inducing mechanism of ideology on the group behavior, that is, the highly elitist ideology somehow reduces the corruption awareness, stimulate corruption intentions, and ultimately affects the effectiveness of the social execution mechanism, thus inducing corruption. The overall corruption stems from the corruption subculture caused by prevalent materialistic values and the resulting hotbed of corruption. Finally, the solution mechanism, namely, ways to curb, control and reduce corruption as much as possible is the focus for foreign scholars. In pursuit of a solution mechanism, foreign academics believe that corruption should be addressed in accordance with its cause, characteristics, and type. To address individual corruption, the key is to provide basic public services satisfactory for individuals through institutional and structural reform and thus reduce the incentive for individual corruption. To address group corruption, the key is to crack down on the secondary distribution of interests at the political level resulting from the polarization of wealth caused by unbalanced economic development and make the social execution mechanism more effective. To address overall corruption, the key is to establish and improve specific institutions at macor-level, more strict supervision, monitoring and procuratorial mechanism, and more severe punitive measures so as to effectively curb corruption.
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Received: 12 January 2020
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2020, Vol. 37 
