“绝地天通”：中国古代原始宗教的国家宗教转向

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摘要 “绝地天通”与其说是历史事件毋宁说是宗教事件,仅从历史、哲学角度去探究还远远不够。我们应从宗教层面切入,结合神话及其相关文献记载进行综合讨论,才能真正做到对“绝地天通”的全面理解。“绝地天通”所涉及的上帝、皇帝、颛顼、重、黎和巫觋是“超自然力”,具有“神秘”特质。“上帝”与“皇帝”所指各异,“上帝”的地位高于“皇帝”,“皇帝”指颛顼,“上帝”应为至上神。颛顼能安排天上诸神位次,统领所有神灵,具有半人半神特征,被后人尊为神。重、黎能上天下地,被人视为火神;巫觋能出入阴阳两世、沟通天地神灵。“从诸神无主向上帝主宰过渡,至上神初见端倪”“巫觋从主导降为从属,神职人员层级逐渐形成”“自然崇拜融入血统,祖先崇拜开始彰显”是“绝地天通”创新的主要体现。这不仅是巫觋专职化、王权神圣化的逻辑起点,而且促使以天神崇拜和祖先崇拜为核心的古代国家宗教逐渐形成并日益成熟,也使原始宗教的核心要素得以传承创新,成为萨满教与民间信仰的底色及其不断发展的内生动力。这或许正是“巫史传统”形成的根本原因之所在。

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	刘伟

关键词 ：绝地天通, 民神关系, 巫史传统, 神性, 古代宗教, 宗教理论

Abstract：Juedi Tiantong is more a religious event than a historical event. It is far from enough to explore it only from historical and philosophical perspectives. We should conduct a comprehensive discussion first from religious perspective with myths and relevant documents, so as to get a thorough understanding of “Juedi Tiantong”. God, Emperor, Zhuan Xu (one of the “five emperors”, grandson of the Yellow Emperor), Zhong and Li (descendants from Zhuan Xu) and witches involved in “Juedi Tiantong” are “supernatural forces” with “mysterious” features. “God” and “Emperor” are different. God has higher status than Emperor. Emperor refers to “Zhuan Xu”, and God refers to the supreme god. Zhuan Xu arranged the order of the gods in the sky and commanded all the gods. He was a demigod and worshipped as a god by later generations. Zhong and Li could go up to the sky and go down to the earth. They were worshipped as god of fire. Witches could access the two worlds of Yin and Yang, and communicate with gods of heaven and earth. The innovation of “Juedi Tongtian” is mainly reflected in three aspects: 1. Gods had no king at first. The supreme god began to take shape when all gods shared the dominion of God. 2. Witches were degraded from a dominant role to a subordinate one, and the hierarchy of clergy came into being 3. Ancestry worship began to gain popularity as nature worship was integrated into lineage. This not only marks the logical beginning when witchcraft was professionalized and kingship was sanctified, but also promoted the formation of maturity of ancient national religions focused on god worship and ancestry worship. Moreover, it also enabled the core elements of primitive religions to be inherited and innovated, which became the background of Shamanism and folk beliefs and the internal driving force of their continuous development.

Key words： Juedi Tiantong relations between people and gods tradition of witchcraft and astrology divinity ancient religion religious theory

收稿日期: 2021-06-05

中图分类号:	B91
	B929

基金资助:国家社会科学基金一般项目“20世纪《论语》诠释研究”（17BZX060）; 儒家文明省部共建协同创新——曲阜师范大学儒学研究创新团队项目“儒家心性论研究”（2021RXTD003）

作者简介: 刘伟,曲阜师范大学政治与公共管理学院教授、博士生导师,主要从事儒家哲学、宗教生态学和儒释道关系研究。

引用本文:

刘伟. “绝地天通”：中国古代原始宗教的国家宗教转向[J]. 《深圳大学学报》（人文社科版）, 2021, 38(6): 125-132. LIU Wei. Juedi Tiantong：Evolution of Ancient Chinese Primitive Religions to State Religion. , 2021, 38(6): 125-132.

链接本文:

https://xb.szu.edu.cn/CN/ 或 https://xb.szu.edu.cn/CN/Y2021/V38/I6/125

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