Abstract:Women may be constantly faced with the interruption of their careers due to their responsibilities to look after the family or simply unemployment. Occupational interruption leads to dramatic loss of women’s pension, and makes the poverty issue of aging women more serious. To relieve the negative impact of occupational disruption on women’s pension, most OECD countries provide pension contribution reduction mechanisms to women with professional interruptions in their public pension plans. The practice of OECD countries shows that “pension contribution reduction” is an effective pension mechanism design, which helps to fill the payment gap caused by occupational interruptions, and thus make women have more sufficient income in retirement. It becomes an important anti-poverty tool for aging women. The practice of OECD countries also shows that the impact of the pension contribution reduction policy depends on the generosity degree of the mechanism design. The pension contribution reduction mechanism needs to take into account both the generosity degree of the policy, the financial cost and employment incentives. The pension contribution reduction mechanism needs to be combined with the “family-friendly” employment policy.
[1] OECD.Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now [M].Paris:OECD Publishing,2012. [2] OECD.OECD Employment Outlook 2018 [M].Paris:OECD Publishing,2018.277-278. [3] Letablier M.-T., Luci A., Math A. & Thévenon O. The Costs of Raising Children and the Effectiveness of Policies to Support Parenthood in European Countries: A Literature Review[DB/OL].http://ec.europa.eu/social/home.jsp?langId=en, 2009-09-03. [4] European Parliament.Costs and Benefits of Maternity and Paternity Leave[DB/OL].http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201010/20101005ATT85068/201 01005ATT85068EN.pdf,2010-10-05. [5] OECD.Pensions at a Glance 2015: OECD and G20 Indicators[M].Paris:OECD Publishing,2015. [6] 郝君富. 世界老龄人口的贫困特征与反贫困公共政策[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,46(6):100-115. [7] D’Addio A. C. Pension Entitlements of Women with Children: The Role of Credits within Pension Systems in OECD Countries. [DB/OL].http://fileserver.carloalberto.org /cerp/Conferenza%20Cintia%202014/daddio_cintia2_chil dcare_credits%20(1).pdf,2017-03-10. [8] Herd P.Reforming a Breadwinner Welfare State: Gender, Race, Class, and Social Security Reform[J].Social Forces, 2005, 83(4): 1365-1393. [9] Fajnzylber E.Gender Policy and Pensions in Chile [A]. Holzmann R., Palmer E.&Robalino D. Nonfinancial Defined Contribution Pension Schemes in a Changing Pension World Volume 2: Gender, Politics and Financial Stability[C]. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2012. [10] Arza C. The Gender Dimensions of Pension Systems: Policies and Constraints for the Protection of Older Women[DB/OL].http://www.unwomen.org/~/media/headqua-rters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2015/arza-fin.pdf?v=1&d=20150706T154053, 2015-07-06. [11] Thurley D., Keen R. & McGuinness F. Women and Pensions [DB/OL].http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk /documents/CBP-7286/CBP-7286.pdf, 2015-11-06. [12] Frericks P., Maier R.& de Graaf W. Male Norms and Female Adjustments: The Influence of Care Credits on Gender Pension Gaps in France and Europe[J].European Societies, 2007, 10(1):97-119. [13] 郝君富,李心愉. 基于性别公平视角的养老金制度设计改革[J].中国人民大学学报,2017, 31(3):118-127. [14] 孙晓梅. 完善配套措施稳妥推进全面两孩政策落实[N].中国妇女报,2017-03-07(B1).