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| The Origin and Evolution of “Di” in Shang and Zhou Dynasties from the Perspective of Man and Nature |
| LIU Guang-jie |
| International College,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044 |
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Abstract The different evolution of “di (emperor)”in Shang and Zhou Dynasties is essentially a manifestation of the relation between man and nature.The Huaxia nationality generally believed that “di”originated from the female reproduction worship during the matriarchal society period.It is the confluence of three beliefs,namely,di is the source of life,the mother of all things and the gate of death and life,and it is a symbol of the supernatural power that is beyond human control.In the fight between man and nature,the big state Shang constantly played down the divine power of nature but played up human power,and thus replaced di,an upper god distant from humans,with lower gods and ancestors close to humans in the divine system,and the power of di therefore gradually declined.On the contrary,the small state Zhou recognized human power through worshipping divine power,therefore reshaped the core content of “tian (nature)”and “di”with human ethics and morality through internal transformation.It finally made a breakthrough in the integration of heaven and man,and made “di”evolve into a supreme god of yi (righteousness) and li (rationality) in early Zhou Dynasty.On the one hand,this can be attributed to the different social and historical conditions in Shang and Zhou.On the other hand,it reflects different qualities of Shang and Zhou:Shang was proud and pragmatic while Zhou were humble and respectful of tradition.
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2020, Vol. 37 
