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| Different, Competing and United: The Structural Characteristics of ZHANG Zai’s Conception of Heaven and Man |
| LIU Quan |
| College of Arts, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an Shaanxi, 710062 |
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Abstract Based on the reflection of human practice, ZHANG Zai elaborated upon the three relations between Heaven and man and established a complete and consistent conception of Heaven and man: Heaven and man are different; Heaven and man alternately prevail over each other; Heaven and man are united. His theory not only inherited Confucian theory of Heaven and man represented by Confucius and Mencius, but also valued Lao Zi and his followers’ ideas of “Heaven and man being different” and “Heaven and man being divided”. He had reservations about Qi theory of Heaven and man, opposing defining everything by Qi, and the divination theory of Yin, Yang as well as five elements. ZHANG Zai held the view that we should first make introspection by understanding nature, rigorously inquiring into the marvelous world and understanding changes of things, and leading ourselves into the ecological and moral realm of “the trinity of man, Heaven and earth”so as to follow our conscience to the utmost, know our true nature and destiny and thus achieve connection and unity of Heaven and man. Although it is not easy to achieve unity of Heaven and man, ZHANG advised people that only through persistent efforts in moral improvement, system construction, and intellectual development can humans come infinitely close to this ideal state in spiritual life, social life and natural world.
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Received: 10 April 2018
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2018, Vol. 35 
