跨国家政女工：父权制、资本主义和性别阶级的“共谋”

摘要
图/表
参考文献
相关文章 (1)

全文: PDF (606 KB) HTML (1 KB)
输出: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

摘要在父权制主导的社会中,贫穷不成比例地落在女性身上,加之性别歧视克减其就业机会,到国外从事家政工作成了“暂时的母性策略”。女性成为跨国家政佣工并未打破传统性别角色安排,丈夫仍以掌握报酬等形式彰显其主导权,她们所从事的家政工作亦被认为是具有女性特征的“非生产性劳动”。父权制还通过恶化跨国家政女工的性处境来维持,这使她们不仅被定性为性泛滥的存在,也易遭受性骚扰和性虐待。在资本逻辑的作用下,移工中介以“服务费”“入境费”“迁移费”等名目向跨国家政女工收取高额中介费;作为类资本家的雇主则通过延长工时、增加工作量、拒绝改善工作/生活环境、给予低工资等方式对其进行压榨。女性内部的阶级分化,导致跨国家政女工的替代劳动衍化为特权阶级女性寻求解放的工具。对来自南方国家的贫穷跨国家政女工来说,成为特权阶级女性的家务劳动替代者非但不是实现性别阶级跨越的正道,还使其在伦理位序中降格,进而实质性地沦为仆从性的存在。父权制伤害、资本主义剥削与女性群体内部的阶级压迫,三者彼此交织,共同造就了跨国家政女工面临的消极境遇。

	服务

	把本文推荐给朋友
	加入我的书架
	加入引用管理器
	E-mail Alert
	作者相关文章
	李勇

关键词 ：跨国家政女工, 父权制, 剥削, 性别阶级, 女仆

Abstract：In a patriarchal-dominated society, poverty falls disproportionately on women, and with gender discrimination reducing their employment opportunities, doing domestic work abroad has become a “temporary maternal strategy”. Women becoming transnational domestic women workers do not break the traditional gender role arrangement, husbands still show their dominant power in the form of mastering the remuneration, etc., and the domestic work they engage in is also considered as “non-productive labor” which is suitable for women. Patriarchy is also maintained by worsening the sexual situation of transnational domestic women workers, which makes them not only characterized as the existence of sexual flood, but also vulnerable to sexual harassment and sexual abuse. Under the action of capital logic, migrant intermediaries charge high intermediary fees to transnational domestic women workers in the name of “service fees”, “entry fees”, “migration fees”, etc. Employers, who have been seen as capitalists squeeze them by extending working hours, increasing workloads, refusing to improve working/living conditions, and giving low wages. The class differentiation within women has led to the alternative labor of transnational domestic women workers as tools for the emancipation of privileged class women. For the poor transnational domestic women workers from the South, becoming a domestic work substitute for privileged class women, is not the right way to leapfrog the gender class, but make them degraded in the ethical order, and thus substantively descend to a subservient existence. Patriarchy injury, capitalist exploitation, and class oppression within the women group are intertwined, jointly creating the negative situation faced by transnational domestic women workers.

Key words： transnational domestic women workers patriarchy exploitation gender class maidservant

收稿日期: 2022-11-05

中图分类号:

C913.68

基金资助:国家社科基金一般项目“当代国外马克思主义法学最新动向和趋势研究”（21BFX025）

作者简介: 李勇,法学博士,贵州大学法学院校聘副教授、硕士生导师,主要从事女性主义法学研究。

引用本文:

李勇. 跨国家政女工：父权制、资本主义和性别阶级的“共谋”[J]. 《深圳大学学报》（人文社科版）, 2023, 40(2): 101-111. LI Yong. Transnational Domestic Women Workers: The “Collusion” of Patriarchy, Capitalism and Gender Class. , 2023, 40(2): 101-111.

链接本文:

https://xb.szu.edu.cn/CN/ 或 https://xb.szu.edu.cn/CN/Y2023/V40/I2/101

[1] Patricia Cortes.The Feminization of International Migration and its Effects on the Children Left Behind: Evidence from the Philippines[J].World Development,2015, 65:62-78.
[2] 蓝佩嘉. 跨国灰姑娘:当东南亚帮佣遇上台湾新富家庭[M].长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2011.
[3] 潘玥,罗津.非传统安全视域下在华印度尼西亚女佣及其治理[J].东南亚纵横,2020,(2):54-67.
[4] Zahra Meghani.Women Migrant Workers: Ethical, Political and Legal Problems[M].New York: Routledge,2016.
[5] 习近平.高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜为全面建设社会主义现代化国家而团结奋斗——在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会上的报告[EB/OL].http://cpc.people.com.cn/20th/GB/448350/448415/index.html,2022-10-18.
[6] Carolyn Zerbe Ennset al. Transnational Feminist Theory and Practice:An Introduction[J].Women & Therapy,2021, 44(1-2):11-26.
[7] (日)上野千鹤子.父权制与资本主义[M].周韵,薛梅译.北京:浙江大学出版社,2020.
[8] Vrushali Patil.From Patriarchy to Intersectionality: A Transnational Feminist Assessment of How Far We’ve Really Come[J].Intersectionality:Theorizing Power,Empowering Theory,2013,38(4):847-867.
[9] Firehiwot Wujira. Issues and Challenges of Ethiopian Female Labour Migrants to the Middle East[EB/OL].https://www.globalacademicgroup.com/journals/the%20intuition/Issues%20and%20 Challenges%20of%20Ethio-pian%20Female%20Labour%20Migrants%20to.pdf,2022-05-06.
[10] Saseendran Pallikadavathet al. What is the Impact of International Female Labour Migration on the Left-at-home Husband and Fathers in East Java, Indonesia?[EB/OL].https://epc2016.princeton.edu/papers/160546,2022-03-04.
[11] Mariapia Mendola, Gero Carletto.International Migration and Gender Differentials in the Home Labor Market:Evidence from Albania[R].Policy Research Working Paper Series 4900. The Word Bank Development Research Group Poverty Team,2009.5.
[12] (美)玛莎·C.努斯鲍姆.女性与人类发展——能力进路的研究[M].左稀译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2020.237-238.
[13] Monica Boyd. International Labour Migration of Women: Past, Present and Future Challenges in North America and Europe[EB/OL].https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/meetings/consult/CM-Dec03-EP2.pdf,2022-03-04.
[14] Neslihan Atatimur.Reasons and Consequences of International Labor Migration of Women into Turkey: Ankara Case[R].Ankara: Middle East Technical University,2008.
[15] Bernice Yeung. Domestic Work is Intimate, Invisible-and a Risk for Sex Abuse[EB/OL].https://revealnews.org/article/domestic-work-is-intimate-invisible-and-a-risk-for-sex-abuse/,2022-04-05.
[16] FRA.Out of Sight:Migrant Women Exploited in Domestic Work[EB/OL].https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2018-migrant-women-labour-exploitation-domestic-work_en.pdf,2022-03-04.
[17] Diana Vellos.Immigrant Latin Domestic Workers and Sexual Harassment[J].Journal of Gender & the Law,1997,5(2):407-432.
[18] Emebet Kebede.Ethiopia: An Assessment of the International Labour Migration Situation: The Case of Female Labour Migrants[R].GENPROM Working Paper No.3. Ge-neva:Gender Promotion Programme International Office,2002.
[19] Detroit Richards. The Plight of the Female Foreign Domestic Servants of Singapore[EB/OL].https://thepaltrysum.com/2021/05/02/the-plight-of-the-female-foreign-domestic-servants-of-singa pore/, 2022-05-23.
[20] (德)马克思.资本论(第一卷)[M].中央编译局译.北京:人民出版社,2004.829.
[21] Philip Martin.Labor Contractors:A Conceptual Overview[J].Asian and Pacific Migration Journal,1996,5(2-3):201-218.
[22] 李超. 揭开“外佣入境”的神秘面纱:黑中介年赚千万元[EB/OL].https://cnews.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-09/12/content_31884593.htm,2022-09-11.
[23] 马克思恩格斯选集(第二卷)[M]马克思恩格斯选集(第二卷)[M].中央编译局译.北京:人民出版社,1995.75.
[24] Anna Triandafyllidou.Irregular Migration and Domestic Work in Europe: Who Cares?[EB/OL].https://www.eui.eu/Documents/RSCAS/Research/MWG/201314/13Nov-Tri-andafyllidou-Chapter1.pdf,2022-10-11.
[25] (美)约瑟芬·多诺万.女权主义的知识分子传统[M].赵育春译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2003.256-257.
[26] (美)贝尔·胡克斯.女权主义理论:从边缘到中心[M].晓征,平林译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2001.12.
[27] 宋建丽.政治哲学视域中的性别正义[J].妇女研究论丛,2008,(4):52-57+65.
[28] Bell Hooks.Sisterhood:Political Solidarity between Wo-men[J].Socialist Feminism: Out of the Blue,1986,(23):125-138.
[29] Zillah Eisenstein.Constructing a Theory of Capitalist Patriarchy and Socialist Feminism[J].Critical Sociology, 1999,25(2/3):196-217.
[30] (美)阿莉·拉塞尔·霍克希尔德.职场妈妈不下班:第二轮班与未完成的家庭革命[M].肖索未等译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2021.
[31] Jean L. Pyle. Globalization, Transnational Migration, and Gendered Care Work:Introduction[J].Globalizations, 2006, 3(3):283-295.
[32] Graziano Battistellaet al. Protecting Filipino Transnational Domestic Workers: Government Regulations and Their Outcomes[R].PIDS Discussing Paper Series,No.2011-12.Makati City:Philippine Institute for Development Studies,2011.
[33] Rachel Silvey.Transnational Domestication: State Power and Indonesian Migrant Women in Saudi Arabia[J].Political Geography,2004,23(3):245-264.
[34] Rachel Silvey. Gender, Difference and Contestation: Economic Geography through the Lens of Transnational Migration[EB/OL].https://depts.washington.edu/relpov/wor-dpress/wp-content/up loads/2013/12/Silvey_Gender-Diff-Mig.pdf,2022-10-11.
[35] (英)玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特.女权辩护[M].王蓁译.北京:商务印书馆,1996.69.